Vagus nerve stimulation som et redskab til at fremkalde Plasticitet i Pathways Relevant for Extinction Læring
Summary
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) har vist sig som et redskab til at fremkalde målrettet synaptisk plasticitet i forhjernen til at ændre en række adfærd. Denne protokol beskriver, hvordan man gennemfører VNS at lette konsolideringen af frygt udslettelse hukommelse.
Abstract
Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.
Introduction
Klassisk frygt condition giver en meget anvendt dyremodel til at studere biologiske grundlag af angstlidelser. Under frygt condition, er et afskrækningsmiddel stimulus (det ubetingede stimulus, USA, fx et fodchok) præsenterede i forbindelse med en neutral stimulus, såsom en tone og / eller en kontekst (den betingede stimulus, CS). Under frygt condition, dannes associationer mellem CS og USA. Til sidst præsentationen af CS alene fremkalder en frygt reaktion (den betingede respons, CR). I frygt udslettelse, er CS præsenteres flere gange i mangel af USA, hvilket får CR til gradvist aftage 1. Således udslettelse af konditioneret frygt er en aktiv proces, hvor frygtsomme adfærdsmæssige reaktioner på neutrale stimuli dæmpes, når de ikke længere forudsige afskrækningsmiddel resultater. Udslettelse af betingede reaktioner kræver konsolidering af nye erindringer, der konkurrerer med lærde foreninger. Et kendetegn for angstlidelser er IMPAIRED udslettelse 2-4. Således udslettelse af konditioneret frygt i dyremodeller fungerer som et vigtigt paradigme både hæmmende læring og som en model for adfærd terapi for humane angstlidelser 5,6.
Fordi der er tæt sammenhæng mellem frygt og menneskelig angst, menes det, at disse undersøgelser kan give indsigt i den biologiske natur angst-relaterede lidelser såsom post-traumatisk stress disorder, og vil bidrage til at udvikle strategier til at behandle dem. Et vigtigt mål med præklinisk forskning er at støtte udryddelse læring og til at fremkalde målrettet plasticitet i udryddelse kredsløb til at konsolidere udslettelse læring. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) er en minimalt invasiv neuroprosthetic tilgang, der kunne bruges til at give stram tidsmæssig og kredsløb-specifik modulering af hjernen områder og synapser engageret i en igangværende opgave. En række nyere undersøgelser fra Michael Kilgard gruppe ved The University of Texas i Dallas harvist, at parring VNS med diskrete sensoriske eller motoriske stimuli (f.eks, en tone eller en arm pull) er yderst effektive til at fremme kortikal plasticitet at behandle tinnitus 7, eller at overvinde motoriske mangler efter slagtilfælde 8-10. Desuden ikke-kontingent VNS, der opstår inden for kort tid-vindue efter at lære på samme måde fremmer kortikal plasticitet og forbedrer hukommelsen konsolidering i rotter og mennesker 11-13.
I betragtning af den rolle vagus nerve i det parasympatiske pathway, er det ikke overraskende, at det kunne deltage i modulering minder og synaptisk plasticitet. Meget emotionelle begivenheder tendens til at producere stærkere erindringer end ikke-emotionelle minder. Dette er sandsynligvis på grund af påvirkning af stresshormoner på hukommelsen konsolidering. Posttraining administration af stresshormonet adrenalin forbedrer hukommelsen konsolidering i humane og ikke-humane dyr, men adrenalin ikke krydser blod-hjerne-barrieren 14, 15 </sup>. Derfor skal stress-induceret adrenalin frigivelse påvirke hjernen indirekte at øge hukommelsen konsolidering. Stærke beviser tyder på, at vagus nerve kan være forbindelsen mellem cirkulerende adrenalin og hjernen. Miyashita og Williams 16 syntes, at systemisk administration af adrenalin øget vagusnerven fyring, og forhøjede niveauer af noradrenalin i amygdala 17. Systemisk administration af adrenalin ikke forbedre hukommelsen konsolidering, når β-adrenerge receptorer er blokeret i amygdala 18 tyder på, at vagus nerve spiller en rolle i vejen, der forvandler følelsesmæssigt vække erfaringer i langsigtede minder.
Således parring VNS med uddannelse har potentiale til at forbedre hjernen ændringer, der understøtter hukommelse konsolidering og udsættelse for betingede signaler i fravær af armering øger konsolidering af udryddelse læring i rotter 19,20. Her beskriver vi anvendelsen af VNS ensa værktøj til at fremme kortikal plasticitet og letter udslettelse af en betinget frygt reaktion.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Vi præsenterer her en protokol, der bruges til at lette udslettelse af konditioneret frygt under en enkelt session for eksponering for konditioneret signaler 19 og til at modulere plasticitet i forløbet mellem infralimbic cortex og den basolaterale amygdala, der kan mediere udslettelse learning 20. Et afgørende skridt for succes i denne protokol er den korrekte levering af VNS under udslettelse træning. Derfor bør man være særlig opmærksom på at opførelsen af manchet elektroder og p…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health MH 086960-01A1 (Christa K. McIntyre).
Materials
| Alcohol | |||
| Atropine | Fisher | A0132-5G | |
| Betadine | Henry Schein | 69066950 | |
| Hydrogen peroxide | CVS | 209478 | |
| Ketamine | Henry Schein | 1129300 | |
| Marcaine | Henry Schein | 6312615 | |
| Mineral Oil | CVS | 152355 | |
| Neosporin | CVS | 629451 | |
| Oxygen | Home Depot | 304179 | |
| Pennicillin | Fisher | PENNA-10MU | |
| Propane | Home Depot | 304182 | |
| Xylazine | Henry Schein | 4019308 | |
| Tools | |||
| Jewelery Torch | Smith Equipment | 23-1001D | |
| Sewing Needle | Walgreens | 441831 | |
| #5 Forceps (2) | Fine Science Tools | 11254-20 | |
| Soldering Iron | Home Depot | 203525863 | |
| AmScope SM-4TX-144A 3.5X-45X Circuit Board Boom Stereo Microscope + 144 LED | AmScope | SM-4TX-144A | |
| Helping Hands | A-M Systems | 726200 | |
| Scalpel Blade Holder | Fine Science Tools | 10003-12 | |
| Metal File | Home Depot | 6601 | |
| Ruler | Home Deopt | 202035324 | |
| Curved Hemostats | Fine Science Tools | 130009-12 | |
| Fine Scissors | Fine Science Tools | 14058-09 | |
| Spatula | Fine Science Tools | ||
| Small Screwdriver | Home Depot | 646507 | |
| Magnetic Fixator Retraction System | Fine Science Tools | 18200-04, 18200-01, 18200-05 | |
| Heating Pad | Walgreens | 30294 | |
| Clippers | Walgreens | 277966 | |
| Sharpie | Staples | 125328 | |
| Ring Forceps | Fine Science Tools | 11103-09 | |
| Custom Micropipette Glass Tools (J shape and Straight) – Borosilicate glass | Sutter Instrument | B150-110-10 | |
| Adson Forceps | Fine Science Tools | 11006-12 | |
| Cuffs | |||
| Tubing | Braintree Scientific Inc | MRE-065 | |
| Platinum Iridium Wire | Medwire | 10IR9/49T | |
| Gold Pins | Mill-Max | 1001-0-15-15-30-27-04-0 | |
| Suture Thread | Henry Schein | 100-5797 | |
| 22 G Needles | Fisher | 14-815-525 | |
| Paper Tape | Fisher | 03-411-602 | |
| Solder | Home Deopt | 327793 | |
| Flux | Home Deopt | 300142 | |
| Scalpel Blade, 10 or 15 | Stoelting | 52173-10 | |
| Silastic Laboratory Tubing .51 mm ID x .94 mm OD | Fisher | 508-002 | |
| Headcaps | |||
| Connector Pieces (male) | Omnetics Connector Corporation | A25001-004 | |
| Headcap pieces (female) | Omnetics Connector Corporation | A24001-004 | |
| Teets Dental Acrylic, Liquid and Powder | A-M Systems | 525000, 526000 | |
| 26 Gauge Solid Copper Wire | Staples | 1016882 | |
| Surgery | |||
| Bone Screws | Stoelting+CB33:C61 | 51457 | |
| Scalpel Blades, 10 or 15 | Stoelting | 52173-10 | |
| 1 ml syringes | Fisher | 14-826-261 | |
| 22 G Needles | Fisher | 14-815-525 | |
| 27 G Needles | Fisher | 14-826-48 | |
| 2" x 2" Gauze | Fisher | 22-362-178 | |
| Swabs | Fisher | 19-120-472 | |
| Puppy Pads | PetCo | 1310747 | |
| Kim Wipes | Fisher | 06-666-A | |
| Chamber and Behavioral Setting | |||
| Husky Metal Front Base Cabinet (30WX19DX34H) | Home Depot | 100607961 | |
| Quiet Barrier HD Soundproofing Material (Sheet) (PSA) | soundproofcow.com | 10203041 | |
| Convoluted Acoustic Foam Panel | soundproofcow.com | 10432400 | |
| Isolated Pulse Stimulator Model 2100 | A-M Systems | 720000 | |
| Digital Camera – Logitech Webcam C210 | Logitech | B003LVZO88 | |
| MatLab | Mathworks.com | ||
| Sinometer 10MHz Single Channel Oscilloscope | Sinometer | CQ5010C | |
| OxyLED T-01 DIY Stick-on Anywhere 4-LED Touch Tap Light | OXYLED | B00GD8OKY0 | |
| 5k ohm potentiomter | Alpha Electronics | B00CTWDHIO | |
| Extech 407730 40-to-130-Decibel Digital Sound Level Meter | Extech Instruments | B000EWY67W | |
| DSCK-C Dual Output, scrambled shocker | Kinder Scientific Co | ||
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