在打开场塔迷宫的地方，反应学习
Summary
旷场塔迷宫（OFTM）是创建学习空间学习（ 如地方-或响应学习）的大鼠行为和神经机制迷宫。这个迷宫是谁想要使用非压力的迷津，以空间学习在他们的研究调查实验者特别有用。
Abstract
这个协议描述了如何打开场塔迷宫（OFTM）范例用于空间学习研究在啮齿类动物。这个迷宫是大鼠研究如何学习使用地方 – 或响应，学习成功驾驭在开放场的舞台特别有用。此外，该协议描述了如何OFTM不同于通常用于空间学习研究在啮齿类其它行为迷宫范例。在这篇文章中所描述的OFTM改编自先前由科尔，克利珀和沃尔特（2007）描述的。具体来说，OFTM是为了测试空间学习中啮齿类动物，而不必考虑“压力”怎么可能发挥作用作为一个混杂变量的实验者。实验表明，应力单靠显著影响认知功能1。代表结果部分包含的数据所使用的OFTM检查雌激素治疗的地方 – 和反应的影响实验-学习在成年雌性SD大鼠2。未来的研究将被用来检查海马和纹状体的地方 – 和应对学习中的OFTM的作用。
Introduction
旷场塔迷宫（OFTM）可以用来检验空间学习在啮齿类动物行为和神经生物学机制。重要的是，OFTM使研究人员能够学习两个“地方化”和“反应型”学习类型。在地方学习的动物通过迷宫使用空间线索周围环境（ 如食物奖励毗邻一个高大的灯塔）导航。 期间 ，响应学习的动物使得其位置相对于空间提示的特定转弯响应不管（例如，使一个左转或右转寻找食物奖励）。先前已经报道，响应学习和地点学习依靠两个不同的存储器系统3,4和映射他们的神经机制目前一直科学追求2，5-7。该OFTM的设计改编自所述一个先前描述8。
开放字段范式（所述OFTM的一个组件）通常用于研究焦虑在啮齿类动物9。在典型的开放领域焦虑测试老鼠花更多的时间在一个开放的领域的中心具有较低的压力和焦虑水平高于花更多的时间接近外围影响。在OFTM，大鼠必须输入迷宫的中心寻找食物奖励。因此，正确的导航在OFTM表明，这些老鼠是不强调。一个原因将大鼠在培训期间非强调的是，因为不像焦虑训练OFTM标准旷场测试需要预先训练阶段期间，将大鼠预暴露于迷宫在一段长的时期。此外，该培训发生在一个光线昏暗的环境下进一步降低了一片开阔地的焦虑诱导方面通常是灯火通明。
在OFTM的另一个独特的功能，相比其他一些迷宫，是如何学习的测量。使用实验者水迷宫或Barnes迷宫典型地测量通过分析速度和/或路径长度大鼠行进到达其目标位置学习。会受到非学习因素，如改变在大鼠的一般运动活动这些相关措施。然而，OFTM措施使用的第一选择正确答案的百分比大鼠的学习，使寻找食物奖励。这依赖措施是不容易受到变化电机性能，因此，更准确地评估学习比速度和距离的测量。尽管如此，实验者也可以测量在使用视频跟踪软件OFTM老鼠的速度和行驶距离。
其他迷宫类型，如T迷宫，水迷宫和Barnes迷宫可以用于研究占位和响应学习。然而，OFTM是在几个显着的方面是独一无二的。首先，OFTM是更敏感的行为测定比T-迷宫因为OFTM具有绩效机会电子商务的25％，而T迷宫具有50％的机会性能。第二，大鼠只能打开在在T型迷宫两种方式之一，但在OFTM导航时具有无限制的路线的可能性。第三，不象水迷宫和Barnes迷宫任务（其可以不受限制地路由可能性像OFTM），使用OFTM实验不需要大鼠浏览厌恶的情况。老鼠是motived在Morris水迷宫导航逃脱浸在水中，他们的动机是在巴恩斯迷宫导航，以避免在一个开放的，明亮的光线充足的环境之中。它已经证明，在暴露于水迷宫或Barnes迷宫诱导应激激素（即，皮质酮）在啮齿动物中10的释放。然而，老鼠定位在OFTM，因为他们的动机是寻找食物奖励和培训与昏暗的环境光线进行。因此，OFTM是非厌恶欲求任务。结果从使用紧张米试验阿塞拜疆范式来研究操作，如药物，激素，运动，或饮食对学习和记忆机制的影响是难以解释，因为“压力”，本身可能会影响认知功能11。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
众多范例可用于研究在啮齿类动物中的学习和记忆，并且每个具有实验者应遵循的重要步骤。在OFTM，重要的是迷宫条件 （例如，迷宫，内和外迷宫线索，在昏暗的照明和背景噪声水平的位置时，训练每日时间）在整个实验期间保持恒定。这也是必要的，以尽量减少应激大鼠科目，以确保持续的性能在OFTM。应力可被保持为最小的雌性大鼠成对容纳它们，也通过之前训练例程处理由实验者。?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Christopher Newport University for funding the preparation of this manuscript and The University of Vermont for funding the experiments described in the representative results section.
Materials
| OFTM construction supplies | |||
| Safety Glasses, Clear, Uncoated | Grainger | 4EY97 | Used for general eye protection during maze construction |
| Masking Tape, Beige, 18mm x 55m | Grainger | 15F739 | General supply |
| Wiss All-purpose Scissor | Home Depot | 37103278647 | General supply |
| Lancaster 6 foot Round Folding table – Heavy Duty white granite plastic – 29" | www.webstaurantstore.com | 384YCZ72RND | Used as base of the maze |
| Laminate Countertop sheet in White Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039) | Home Depot | 1573603504896 | Used as walls for the maze |
| Laminate Countertop sheet in Black Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039) | Home Depot | 1595603504896 | Used as floor of the maze |
| Adhesive, Spray, 24oz, 17.6oz Net. 3M | Grainger | 3MA16 | Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top and pieces of laminate to each other |
| 16.6 oz #90 hi-strength S | Lowe's | 193252 | Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top |
| Superflex RTV, Silicone Adhesive Sealant, Loctile | VWR | 300040-068 | Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze) |
| Industrial Sealant; 10.1oz | Grainger | 4UH06 | Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze) |
| Painter's Masking Tape; Shurtape; 2in x 60yd | Grainger | 6FET7 | Used to mark out visual patterns on maze walls |
| Mini/Trim paint tray | ACE Hardware | 1365105 | Used to hold paint |
| Foam mini roller 4" 6pk | ACE Hardware | 1494871 | Used for painting patterns |
| Val Sample Set Nbase paint | ACE Hardware | 1505031 | Used as paint for pattern on the walls of the maze |
| HP Paint Black | Walmart | 72450405005 | Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze |
| Brush | Walmart | 81773801110 | Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze |
| Duct Tape, 2in X 60yd, 10.5mil. Black | Grainger | 15F767 | Used to wrap the exterior of the maze |
| 4X4 8ft PT pine Vinyl-CTD Post W/Cap | Home Depot | 40933070541 | Used to build towers for the maze |
| 20 gram Pro Super Glue | Lowe's | 125870 | Used to glue tower tops, towers to the floor of the maze and food cups to the tower tops |
| Bead Containers 9 – 1/2 | Michaels | 652695766978 | Used as food cups on top of towers |
| Spray Paint, Black, 12oz | Grainger | 6KP22 | Used to paint food cups & covers |
| Room prepration | |||
| Conair SU1W Sound Machine; 10 Sounds | Home Depot | 204493600 | Used for background noise |
| Lamp | Walmart | 5027698392 | Used for dim lighting of maze room |
| ES 14W DayLight Spiral Bulb 4pk | Home Depot | 762148208433 | Used for dim lighting of maze room |
| Shower Curtain | Walmart | 3429910901 | Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter |
| Curtain Rod | Bed Bath & Beyond | 76598645104 | Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter |
| Froot Loops Cereal | Walmart | 3800039122 | Used as reward |
| Recording equipment | |||
| Media Recorder 3: 4 video | Noldus | NMR4-0200 | Used to record training trials |
| Monochrome GigE Camera | Noldus | XCFW-BG62 | Used to record training trials |
| Precision M4800 Laptop | Dell | N/A | Used to run video software |
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