Summary

使用仿引起范式检查召回内存在婴幼儿时期

Published: April 28, 2016
doi:

Summary

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

Abstract

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

Introduction

回忆记忆的重要性不能被夸大了:这种能力让人们对他们一天的世俗方面,例如在他们的牙医约好当天上午,还有自己最显著的生活事件,发生了什么报告,如他们的婚礼当天或一天他们的孩子出生了。了解这种能力的发展却是复杂的,在用于检查不可与语前婴儿和儿童的研究中使用成人召回记忆口头报告的方法。为此,研究人员开发被称为诱发或延迟模仿学习召回内存之前的婴幼儿可使用的语言讨论过去的行为方式。该原稿描述了从6至24个月的年龄实现与婴儿和儿童的诱发或延迟的模仿程序的一个版本的步骤。所描述的过程是,因为它允许对存储器为单个元件及装置的评估独特事件的经济需求以及内存时序信息。

伯爵是最早表明,递延模仿是表征能力的指标。1他根据这个结论部分基于他自己的孩子的观察。例如,伯爵报告说,他16个月大的女儿杰奎琳,重新制定发脾气,她看到前面表现出约12小时的一个朋友。重要的是,杰奎琳在没有她的朋友的和相对长的延迟之后模仿该事件。由于这些原因,皮亚杰报道,杰奎琳必须编码,并保持着事件的表示,这样她可以延迟一段时间后重新制定它,在没有持续的感性支持她早前曾亲眼目睹。在此基础上观察和其他人,皮亚杰指出,回忆过去的能力在生命的第二年出现,为孩子们同时开发搞象征性的再版的能力esentation(如语言的进步证明,假装打)。

最近,引起或延迟仿制过程已经被标准化,现在广泛用于研究召回存储器和相关的能力在语前和早期口头儿童。在通过Patricia鲍尔开发的过程,2,3-参与者用来为一个短暂基线期间创建的事件的一个新的序列的三维材料相互作用。一位研究人员然后演示如何完成事件的顺序,经常用旁白。或者立即(立即仿)或延迟为数分钟至数月(延迟仿)后,参与者被允许的机会,以模仿。这些数据进行编码,以确定孩子是否执行(一)证明行为及(b)它们是否相对正确的时间顺序产生的基线或相对于在同一会议上提出新的控制序列(见参考文献<suP> 4的附加 ​​信息)。可比但不同的仿程序已经开发和其他研究人员,包括安德鲁Meltzoff 5和Harlene海恩使用。6,7-

已经提出的多个参数,表明内存引起的或延迟仿制过程中所评估的类型是声明或明确的性质(而不是非陈述或隐含的,看到在多个存储系统的角度参考8信息)。虽然相关参数的详尽列表可以在其他资料中找到,9 这里提供了14主要点三。一个迹象表明,内存的类型被评估是明确的性质或声明的是,孩子们谈论他们一旦获得对语言访问是在模仿过程的环境行为学经历的事件; 15,16因为隐含的还是非陈述性记忆不能用语言来访问,后来口头无障碍的证据表明,内存受调查的类型是声明的或明确的。另一种说法是与损坏内侧颞叶1718海马个人的年龄相适应的仿制任务受损。由于声明的或明确的回忆依靠海马和相关的颞叶内侧结构的运作,通过与脑损伤这些地区的个人性能降低19证据表明,内存评估类型是声明的或明确的。第三个参数,表明仿评估有召回记忆,特别是有没有可用的感性支持CUE内存时序信息。13虽然序列材料本身可能有助于线索对单个目标的行动召回,使用道具来完成事件提供任何有用的信息,作为对tempor人顺序目标的行动必须完成。因此,时序信息必须在活动示范进行编码,并保持一段时间。出于这些原因,引起模仿过程通常被认为是黄金标准在动词前和早期语言的婴儿和儿童(请参阅参考资料10,13,14,20 22)学习召回内存。

被诱发模仿程序使用已经了解了前三年生活的回忆记忆的进步提供了坚实的基础。如在前面的评论所讨论的,4,23,24发展召回在在其上的记忆保留的时间的持续时间和在建立记忆的鲁棒性是显而易见的。在期限方面,研究人员表示,6个月大的婴儿召回长达24小时的3步事件序列中的一个步骤。6,25的时候婴儿9个月的年龄,他们记住的个人目标的行动S中的包含1个月。-26,27-记忆性的时间顺序的信息的两步骤事件序列是不太可靠的,使得只有约50%的婴儿记得,其中的两步骤序列先前证实的顺序。当婴儿10月龄,内存为个人目标的行动将保留6个月的时间顺序信息保存3个月。27,只有10个月后,当孩子20个月的年龄,内存的时序信息的证据在明显的12个月的持续时间(甚至可能更长的时间是显而易见的- 12个月结束,与会者28测试持续时间最长)。

当考虑召回的鲁棒性,年龄相关的变化中,以支持保留所需的曝光数和灵活运用了解到信息的能力是显而易见的。例如,6个月大的孩子需要多达6暴露在24小时德拉以证明记忆Y,6而20个月的孩子只需要一个曝光后29 1个月。在代表性灵活性方面表现出的召回,12个月大的孩子不跨越典范,只有颜色不同概括他们的学习。十八个月婴儿概括他们学习横跨区别仅在颜色提示,但是当新范例两种颜色和形式不同没有表现出一般化。在第21个月内,但是,在整个线索泛化较为稳健,这样的孩子学习灵活应用到两个方面有所不同的新典范7此外,研究表明,泛化是不是天生的遗忘:孩子保留有关的特定功能的信息原来的事件,因为他们灵活运用学习的新情况。30,31

这个手稿的目标是描述由鲍尔详细开发的仿引起程序。本文所描述的方法是独特的该程序允许这两个存储器中以供研究者以及内存的时间顺序展示了个人的行动进行评估。正如前面所指出的,要注意的是有个别道具内目前还没有感知信息提示所处的具体行动应完成顺序很重要。因此,内存对在正确的时间顺序完成的操作是相召回个​​人目标的行动再现了更为严格的测试。

被诱发仿过程中使用的三维刺激通常是由市售的玩具创建或构造出的塑料和/或木材。刺激描绘了要么是小说参与者事件(如制作的锣或旋转木马轮),或与孩子可能以前有过体验活动(如喂养婴儿,或把一个玩具熊睡觉;见2,3,32的研究,比较记忆p变量erformance熟悉的小说与事件)。事件序列进一步分为通过使关系,具有任意协会被约束,或混合,使得它们包括被通过启用关系和其他人在本质上是任意的链接的一些步骤。通过使关系约束序列的步骤必须在序列结束状态显现(虽然序列必须构造,让孩子们可以执行所有以任意顺序的行动)指定的时间顺序来完成。 图1显示了三由33实现关系。约束对于研究儿童超过20个月的年龄年轻-step事件序列,通过使关系约束序列是最经常使用的,因为这些年龄段的孩子展示机会的性能( ,完成了不到50%所表现出的对与任意协会序列行动; 34见参考文献2,28,32,35 37研究,比较不同的序列制约事件记忆性能)。

图1
图1:三步启用事件序列做一个振荡器的示例左侧面板显示把块到嵌套一只杯子的第一步;中间面板显示组装嵌套杯的第二步骤;右图显示摇动组装设备的第三步骤。目标行动必须在为序列最终状态的正确的时间顺序来执行,以实现,尽管序列的材料构成,使得操作可以以任何顺序完成。从引用的许可转载的标题的图和部分。33,42 普莱斯e单击此处查看该图的放大版本。

被诱发仿过程是最经常使用与婴幼儿从6至24个月不等的年龄(尽管方法改变可制成以容纳较大的儿童和成人17,18的测试)。通常,开发或控制的参与者通常招募,使他们在长期(38±2周)出生并没有经历过任何产前或围产期情况,可能大脑发育产生负面影响,并召回记忆,如早产38,39条件和妊娠糖尿病40,41已经降低召回有关。此外,研究人员应该意识到参与者33,42如果口头标签将序列演示过程中或作为检索线索使用的母语。

Protocol

这里提供的管理指令相似先前已通过伦理委员会在加州大学欧文分校的批准。 1.设备测试参与者在有三把椅子(一个用于研究,一个是父母,一个为孩子)成人大小的表中的儿童安全空间。另外,在自己的桌子或由研究人员提供了一种便携式测试表在自己家中的孩子。 使用摄像机放置在三脚架上,记录孩子(音频和视频),因为他/她在研究中参与。放置摄像机使得记录清楚?…

Representative Results

最近引起模仿研究调查了孩子语言的理解是否放缓在顺序演示使用支持成人语言之间的关系时召回在编码(立即模仿)和延迟回忆1周后行为上的评估。33十六个月大的孩子已提交与受使关系约束6新颖的3步事件序列。短暂的基准期之后,研究人员展示了各自在三个不同条件的两个事件序列。在最大支持状态建模的序列与为特定于这些事件,该序列的两个名称和包括…

Discussion

在过去的30年中,许多研究人员已经使用引起或延迟仿制程序检查召回内存在婴儿期和幼儿的发展。仿程序的一个优点是,它们是高度通用的:因此,它们可以被修改并适应于回答有关认知发展的各种问题。例如,被诱发仿制过程已经结合识别记忆的电生理指标组合施用,以便检查编码和整合/存储过程和长期召回之间的关系;被诱发模仿的过程一直受到小程序的修改,允许对被称为行政职能认知能…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

国际自盟内存和开发实验室的作者感谢议员对这个手稿的草案提出意见,以及他们与稿件准备提供援助。

Materials

Camcorder Canon VIXIA HF R600 HD Flash Memory Camcorder Any commercially-available camcorder that records in color and has audio will suffice

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Lukowski, A. F., Milojevich, H. M. Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm. J. Vis. Exp. (110), e53347, doi:10.3791/53347 (2016).

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