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Abstract
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Protocol
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자동 번역
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생물학

내생의 면역 형광 분석 및 외인성 센트로 - 동원체 단백질

Published: March 03, 2016
doi:
10.3791/53732
,
1Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases,Nationwide Children’s Hospital

Summary

Here we report protocols to detect endogenous and exogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells and quantify these protein levels at centromeres-kinetochores by indirect immunofluorescent staining through the use of fixation (paraformaldehyde, acetone, or methanol fixation).

Abstract

“Centromeres” and “kinetochores” refer to the site where chromosomes associate with the spindle during cell division. Direct visualization of centromere-kinetochore proteins during the cell cycle remains a fundamental tool in investigating the mechanism(s) of these proteins. Advanced imaging methods in fluorescence microscopy provide remarkable resolution of centromere-kinetochore components and allow direct observation of specific molecular components of the centromeres and kinetochores. In addition, methods of indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) staining using specific antibodies are crucial to these observations. However, despite numerous reports about IIF protocols, few discussed in detail problems of specific centromere-kinetochore proteins.1-4 Here we report optimized protocols to stain endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells by using paraformaldehyde fixation and IIF staining. Furthermore, we report protocols to detect Flag-tagged exogenous CENP-A proteins in human cells subjected to acetone or methanol fixation. These methods are useful in detecting and quantifying endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins and Flag-tagged CENP-A proteins, including those in human cells.

Introduction

"중심절은"고전적인 유전학 억제 감수 재조합의 영역으로 정의하고 나중에 유사 분열시 정확한 염색체 분리에 필수적인 역할을한다 유사 분열 염색체의 주요 수축으로 인식되었다. "Kinetochores"은 전자 현미경에 의해 계시 된, 중심절의 표면에 미세 소관 결합 다층 구조로서 기술 하였다; "kinetochores은"나중에 유사 분열 염색체의 동원체에 지역화 거대 분자 복합체로 정의 하였다. 척추 사이 센트로 DNA 서열의 극적인 차이에도 불구하고, 구조 및 동원체 조성물은 고도로 보존된다. 스핀들 미세 소관과 동원체 사이의 역동적 인 상호 작용은 유사 분열시 염색체의 충실한 분리에 필요한 및 센트로 – 동원체 기능 리드의 결함 이수성하여 암이다.

대부분의 진핵 생물의 센트로어떠한 정의 된 DNA 서열이 없지만 171 bp의 α 위성 DNA로 이루어진 반복 alphoid DNA의 큰 배열 (0.3-5 MB)로 구성된다. 효모 신진 제외 센트로 ID가없는 DNA 서열이 아니라 히스톤 H3 변이체 CenH3 포함 특수 뉴 클레오 좀의 존재에 의해 달성된다 (센트로 단백질을 [CENP-A] 인간). 5 CENP-A의 뉴 클레오는에 지역화 171-bp의 α-위성 DNA에 포유류 kinetochores 7 바인드의 내부 플레이트. 활성 중심절이 필요 CENP-A 함유 함께 스핀들 체크 포인트를 통해 유사 분열 스핀들 및 후속주기 진행에 염색체의 부착을 조절하는 구성 적 센트로 관련 네트워크 (CCAN)과 동원체 단백질의 모집을 지시하는 뉴 클레오합니다.

상기 증거 비추어 CENP-A는 센트로 8 후성 마크 것으로 제안되었다; 그러나, 처리되는 CENP-A는 I을 인용NTO 센트로이 DNA 결합을 담당하는 요소가 아직 특징 화되지 않았다. 짧은 센트로 타겟팅 도메인 (CATD)는 CENP-A의 영역을 배 히스톤에 상주하고 CATD와 H3의 해당 영역의 교체가 센트로에 직접 H3에 충분하다. 9 몇몇 연구는 번역 후를위한 기능적 역할을 제안 수정 CENP-A 12-16의 (PTM) 그러나, 중심절에 모집에서 CENP-A의 이러한 PTMS의 분자 메커니즘은 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 우리는 이전에 CUL4A-RBX1 – COPS8 E3 리가 활동이 동원체에 CENP-A의 CENP-A K124의 ubiquitylation 및 지역화를 위해 필요하다고보고했다. (17)

동원체 단백질의 발견 및 특성화 염색체 분리에 관한 새로운 통찰력을 주도하고있다. 18 개의 100보다 동원체 성분을 다양한 방법으로 척추 동물 세포에서 확인되었다. (19, 20) 아래형광 현미경에 kinetochores는 조립과 기능 또한 세포 내의 각 센트로 – 동원체 단백질과 단백질 – 단백질 네트워크의 세포 기능의 특성에서 오는 방법의 서. (19) 직접 시각화 및 고급 이미징 방법은 센트로 – 동원체 구성 요소의 놀라운 해상도를 제공 할 수 중심절과 kinetochores의 특정 분자 구성 요소의 직접 관찰. 또한, 특이 적 항체를 이용하여 간접 면역 형광 방법 (IIF) 염색이 관찰에 중요하다. 그러나, 특정 센트로 – 동원체 단백질의 세부 문제를 논의 IIF 프로토콜, 몇 가지에 대한 수많은 보고서에도 불구하고. 1-4 따라서, 개발하고 특히 각 센트로 – 동원체 단백질을 분석하는 IIF 염색 및 정량 IIF 분석의 방법을보고하는 것은 매우 중요합니다. IIF 염색에서, 하나의 관심 단백질의 손실을 방지하기 위해 염색 프로토콜을 진행해야하거나셀의 나머지. 그러나 고정 가끔 항원 사이트를 파괴하고, 다른 항체 – 항원 조합은 하나의 정착과 함께 제대로 작동하지만 아주 잘 다른, 21, 정착액의 선택에 크게 관심의 단백질 (들)에 따라 달라집니다. 따라서, 다른 정착 방법은 센트로 – 동원체 단백질의 IIF 염색에서 중요하다.

간접 면역 형광 (IIF) 염색 및 CENP-A와 국기 태그가 외생 CENP-A 단백질, 인간 세포에서이 단백질의 정량을 포함하여 내인성 센트로 – 동원체 단백질의 현지화를 해결하기 위해 분석의 여기에 최적화 된 방법이 개발되었다. 이러한 방법은 다른 종 센트로-동원체 단백질의 분석에 적용될 수있다.

Protocol

1. 세포 배양 및 형질 6 웰 폴리스티렌 플레이트 커버 유리 (22mm X 22mm)를 넣습니다. 선택적으로 코트 아래 단계에 따라 커버 유리에 유사 분열 세포를 유지하기 위해 (자재 / 장비의 목록 참조) 물에 폴리 – L – 라이신과 커버 유리, V / w 0.1 %, : 주 : 최적의 조건은 각각의 세포주 및 애플리케이션에 대해 결정되어야한다. 물에 폴리 – L – 라이신, V / w 0.1 %와 무균 코트 문화 표면 (0.4 ㎖…

Representative Results

내생 CENP-A의 면역 형광 분석 CUL4A-E3 리가 아제가 동원체에 CENP-A의 현지화에 필요한 가설을 지원합니다 우리의 최근의 연구는 CUL4A-RBX1 – COPS8 E3 리가 활동이 CENP-A와 동원체에 CENP-A의 현지화에 라이신 124 (K124)의 ubiquitylation 필요하다는 것을 보여 주었다. (17) 처음에는 계면-센트로 단지 (ICEN가)에 의해 분리 하였다 안티 CENP-A : 기본 염색질 면역, 3…

Discussion

최근 몇 년 동안 많은 연구가 고정 된 세포에 대해 서로 다른 양적 현미경 분석법을 개발 하였다. (42) 진행을 센트로 – 동원체 생물학에 자주 세포 내 공간 – 시간 규제의 변화하는 기능을 반영하고있는 단백질의 센트로 별 또는 동원체 특정 기능에 대한 이해가 필요 세포주기 중에 이러한 단백질. 따라서, 우리가 IIF 염색 구체적으로 다르​​게 취급 샘플에 적용 할 수있는 내인성 및 외인?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

이 작품은 NIH 부여 GM68418에 의해 지원되었다.

Materials

Lipofectamin 2000 Life Technologies/Invitrogen 11668 transfection reagent I
Lipofectamin RNAiMAX Life Technologies/Invitrogen 13778 transfection reagent II
Opti-MEM I Life Technologies/Invitrogen 31985 Reduced serum media, warm in 37 °C water bath before use
High-glucose DMEM (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium) Life Technologies/BioWhittaker 12-604 high-glucose DMEM, warm in 37 °C water bath before use
Fetal Bovine Serum, certified, heat inactivated, US origin Life Technologies/Gibco 10082 FBS (fetal bovine serum)
Poly-L-Lysine SOLUTION SIGMA-SLDRICH P 8920 Poly-L-Lysine, 0.1% w/v, in water
UltraPure Distilled Water Life Technologies/Invitrogen/Gibco 10977 Sterile tissue culture grade water 
Micro Cover glass (22 mm x 22 mm)  Surgipath 105 Cover glass (22 mm x 22 mm) 
6 Well Cell Culture Cluster Fisher/Corning Incorporated 07-200-83 6-well polystyrene plate 
Penicillin, Streptomycin; Liquid Fisher/Gibco 15-140 Penicillin-streptomycin
PAP PEN  Binding Site AD100.1 Hydrophobic barrier pen (for a water repellant barrier in immunofluorescent staining)
Paclitaxel (Taxol) SIGMA-SLDRICH T7402 Taxol for mitotic cell analysis
TN-16, microtubule inhibitor (TN16) Enzo Life Sciences BML-T120 TN16 for mitotic cell analysis
BSA (bovine serum albumin) SIGMA-SLDRICH A7906 Blocking reagent
Triton X-100 SIGMA-SLDRICH T8787 Detergent for permeabilization
Paraformaldehyde SIGMA-SLDRICH P6148 Fixation reagant
DAPI SIGMA-SLDRICH D9542 For nuclear staining
p-phenylenediamine SIGMA-SLDRICH P6001 For mounting medium
VWR Micro Slides, Frosted VWR International 48312-013 Micro slides 
Anti-CENP-A antibody Stressgen/Enzo Life Sciences KAM-CC006 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)
Anti-CENP-B antibody Novus Biologicals H00001059-B01P Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF, methanol/acetone fixation)-1:400 (IIF, paraformaldehyde fixation)
Anti-CENP-B antibody  abcam ab25734 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF, methanol/acetone fixation)-1:400 (IIF, paraformaldehyde fixation)
Anti-centromere antibody (ACA) Fitzgerald Industries International, Inc. 90C-CS1058 Human centromere antiserum; dilution ratio of 1:2000 (IIF)
Anti-CENP-H antibody Bethyl Laboratories BL1112 (A400-007A) Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF)
Anti-CENP-H antibody BD 612142 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF)
Anti-CENP-I antibody N/A, Dr. Katusmi Kitagawa N/A, Dr. Katusmi Kitagawa Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF); Niikura et al., Oncogene, 4133-4146 (2006)
Anti-KNL1 antibody Novus Biologicals NBP1-89223 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Hec1 antibody Novus Biologicals / GeneTex NB 100-338 / GTX70268 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Hec1 antibody GeneTex GTX110735 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Ska1 antibody abcam ab46826 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Flag antibody SIGMA-ALDRICH F3165 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)
Anti-Flag antibody SIGMA-ALDRICH F7425 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)
Anti-CUL4A antibody N/A, Dr. Pradip Raychaudhuri N/A, Dr. Pradip Raychaudhuri Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:3000 (WB); Shiyanov et al., The Journal of biological chemistry, 35309-35312 (1999)
Anti-RBX1 antibody Cell Signaling 4397 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:2000 (WB)
Anti-GAPDH antibody Chemicon MAB374 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:5000 (WB)
Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11001 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11005 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11008 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11012 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Non fat powdered milk (approved substitution for carnation powdered milk) Fisher Scientific NC9255871 (Reorder No. 190915; Lot# 90629) Skim milk
Leica DM IRE2 motorized fluorescence microscope  Leica motorized fluorescence microscope 
HCX PL APO 63x oil immersion lens Leica LEICA HCX PL APO NA 1.40 OIL PH 3 CS 63X oil immersion lens
HCX PL APO 100x oil immersion lens Leica LEICA HCX PL APO NA 1.40 OIL PHE 100X oil immersion lens
Leica EL6000 compact light source Leica External compact light source for fluorescent excitation
ORCA-R2 Digital CCD camera  Hamamatsu C10600-10B digital CCD camera 
Openlab version 5.5.2 Scientific Imaging Software  Perkin Elmer/Improvision For image observation, acquisition, quantification, and analysis
Velocity version 6.1.1 3D Image Analysis Software  Perkin Elmer/Improvision For image observation, acquisition, quantification, and analysis
Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail Roche 11873580001/11836170001 Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets
PlusOne 2-D Quant Kit Amersham Biosciences 80-6483-56 Commercial protein assay reagent I for measurement of protein concentration (compatible with 2% SDS)
Bio-Rad Protein Assay Bio-Rad 500-0006 Commercial protein assay reagent II for measurement of protein concentration (compatible with 0.1% SDS)
Immobilon-FL EMD Millipore IPFL00010 PVDF membrane for transferring
IRDye 800CW Goat Anti-Mouse IgG LI-COR Biosciences 926-32210 IR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
IRDye 680 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG LI-COR Biosciences 926-32221 IR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
Goat anti-Mouse IgG DyLight 549 Fisher Scientific PI35507 DyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
Goat anti-Rabbit DyLight 649 Fisher Scientific PI35565 DyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
Goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP Santa Cruz SC-2005 HRP-conjugated secondary antibodyDyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:10000 (IIF)
Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP Santa Cruz SC-2004 HRP-conjugated secondary antibodyDyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:10000 (IIF)
Openlab version 5.5.2. Scientific Imaging Software  Improvision/PerkinElmer Software A
Volocity version 6.3 3D Image Analysis Software (Volocity Acquisition) PerkinElmer Software B1
Volocity version 6.3 3D Image Analysis Software (Volocity Quantification) PerkinElmer Software B2
Branson SONIFIER 450 Sonicator
Branson Ultrasonics sonicator Microtip Step, Solid, Threaded 9.5 mm VWR Scientific Products Inc.  33995-325 Disruptor horn for sonication
Branson Ultrasonics sonicator Microtip Tapered 6.5 mm VWR Scientific Products Inc.  33996-185 Microtip for sonication
Odyssey CLx Infrared imaging System  LI-COR Biosciences Infrared imaging system for immunoblot detection
Image Studio Analysis Software Ver 4.0  LI-COR Biosciences Software C
Molecular Imager Versadoc MP4000 System  Bio-Rad Chemiluminescence imager for immunoblot detection
Quantity One 1-D analysis software  Bio-Rad Software D
SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate Thermo 34095 Ultra-sensitive enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) substrate
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ImmunofluorescenceEndogenousExogenousCentromere-kinetochore ProteinsCENP-ACell CultureTransfectionFixationPermeabilizationAntibody LabelingMicroscopy
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Niikura, Y., Kitagawa, K. Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (109), e53732, doi:10.3791/53732 (2016).
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