Edición genoma en<em> Astyanax mexicanus</em> Uso de transcripción activador de efector nucleasas (Talens)
Summary
mutagénesis gen de la orientación es ahora posible en una amplia gama de organismos utilizando técnicas de edición genoma. Aquí, demostramos un protocolo para la mutagénesis dirigida de genes usando activador de la transcripción como nucleasas efectoras (Talens) en Astyanax mexicanus, una especie de peces que incluye a los peces de superficie y cavefish.
Abstract
Identifying alleles of genes underlying evolutionary change is essential to understanding how and why evolution occurs. Towards this end, much recent work has focused on identifying candidate genes for the evolution of traits in a variety of species. However, until recently it has been challenging to functionally validate interesting candidate genes. Recently developed tools for genetic engineering make it possible to manipulate specific genes in a wide range of organisms. Application of this technology in evolutionarily relevant organisms will allow for unprecedented insight into the role of candidate genes in evolution. Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus) is a species of fish with both surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling forms. Multiple independent lines of cave-dwelling forms have evolved from ancestral surface fish, which are interfertile with one another and with surface fish, allowing elucidation of the genetic basis of cave traits. A. mexicanus has been used for a number of evolutionary studies, including linkage analysis to identify candidate genes responsible for a number of traits. Thus, A. mexicanus is an ideal system for the application of genome editing to test the role of candidate genes. Here we report a method for using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to mutate genes in surface A. mexicanus. Genome editing using TALENs in A. mexicanus has been utilized to generate mutations in pigmentation genes. This technique can also be utilized to evaluate the role of candidate genes for a number of other traits that have evolved in cave forms of A. mexicanus.
Introduction
La comprensión de la base genética de la evolución rasgo es un objetivo de investigación crítica de los biólogos evolutivos. Se ha logrado un progreso considerable en la identificación de loci que subyacen a la evolución de los rasgos y la localización de genes candidatos dentro de estos loci (por ejemplo 1-3). Sin embargo, las pruebas funcionalmente el papel de estos genes se ha mantenido desafiante como muchos organismos utilizados para el estudio de la evolución de los rasgos no son actualmente manejable de forma genética. El advenimiento de las tecnologías de edición genoma ha aumentado considerablemente manipulabilidad genética de una amplia gama de organismos. Nucleasas de transcripción activador de efectoras (Talens) y agrupados espaciadas regularmente repeticiones palindrómicas cortas (CRISPRs) se han utilizado para generar mutaciones específicas en los genes en un número de organismos (por ejemplo 4-11). Estas herramientas, aplicado en un sistema evolutivamente relevante, tienen el potencial de revolucionar la forma en que los biólogos evolutivos estudiar la base genética de la evolución.
Astyanax mexicanus es una especie de pez que existe en dos formas: a. (Peces de superficie) que habitan en el río forma superficial y múltiples formas cavernícolas (cavefish) A. cavefish mexicanus evolucionó de ancestros de peces de superficie (revisado en 12). Las poblaciones de cavefish han desarrollado una serie de características, incluyendo la pérdida de los ojos, disminución o pérdida de la pigmentación, el número de papilas gustativas y neuromastos craneales, y los cambios de aumento en el comportamiento, tales como la pérdida de la conducta escolar, aumento de la agresividad, los cambios en la alimentación de la postura y la hiperfagia 13 -19. Cavefish y pescado superficie son interfértiles, y los experimentos de mapeo genético se han realizado para identificar loci y genes candidatos para los rasgos de la cueva 1,20-26. Algunos genes candidatos han sido probados para un papel funcional en la contribución a los rasgos de la cueva en el cultivo celular 1,19, en organismos modelo de otras especies de 21 o 27 por la sobreexpresión o una caída transitoria ucantar morfolinos 28 en A. mexicanus. Sin embargo, cada uno de estos métodos tiene limitaciones. La capacidad de generar alelos mutantes de estos genes en A. mexicanus es crítica para la comprensión de su función en la evolución de cavefish. Por lo tanto, A. mexicanus es un organismo candidato ideal para la aplicación de las tecnologías de edición genoma.
Aquí describimos un método para la edición del genoma de A. mexicanus usando Talens. Este método se puede utilizar para evaluar mosaico inyectado peces fundador para fenotipos y para el aislamiento de líneas de pescado con mutaciones estables en los genes de interés 29.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Grandes avances se han hecho en los últimos años hacia la comprensión de la base genética de la evolución de los rasgos. Aunque se han identificado los genes candidatos que subyacen a la evolución de una serie de rasgos, se ha mantenido un reto para poner a prueba estos genes in vivo debido a la falta de maleabilidad genética de las especies evolutivamente más interesantes. Aquí mostramos un método para la edición del genoma de A. mexicanus, una especie usada para estudiar la evolución de l…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Este trabajo fue financiado por el Departamento de Genética, Desarrollo y Biología Celular y la Universidad Estatal de Iowa y por el NIH subvención EY024941 (WJ) .dr. Jeffrey Essner proporcionó comentarios sobre el manuscrito.
Materials
| Equipment | |||
| Thermocycler | |||
| Injection station | |||
| Gel apparatus | |||
| Needle puller | |||
| Nanodrop | |||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Supplies | |||
| Note: As far as we know, supplies from different companies can be used unless otherwise indicated | |||
| Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit 2.0 | Addgene | Kit #1000000024 | |
| Fisher BioReagents LB Agar, Miller (Granulated) | Fisher | BP9724-500 | |
| Fisher BioReagents Microbiology Media: LB Broth, Miller | Fisher | BP1426-500 | |
| Teknova TET-15 in 50% EtOH | Teknova (ordered through Fisher) | 50-843-314 | |
| Spectinomycin Dihydrochloride, Fisher BioReagents | Fisher | BP2957-1 | |
| Super Ampicillin (1000x solution) | DNA Technologies | 6060-1 | |
| ThermoScientific X-Gal Solution, ready-to-use | Thermo Sci Fermentas Inc (Ordered through Fisher) | FERR0941 | |
| IPTG, Fisher BioReagents | Fisher | BP1620-1 | |
| Petri dishes | Fisher | 08-757-13 | |
| BsaI | New England Biolabs (ordered through Fisher) | 50-812-203 | Use BsaI, not BsaI-HF (as described in the Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit protocol) |
| BSA | New England Biolabs | provided with restriction enzymes | |
| 10x T4 ligase buffer | Promega (ordered through Fisher) | PR-C1263 | |
| GoTaq Green Master mix | Promega (ordered through Fisher) | PRM7123 | Other Taq can be used, but the reaction should be adjusted accordingly |
| Quick ligation kit | New England Biolabs (ordered through Fisher) | 50-811-728 | We use Quick Ligase for all TALEN assembly reactions |
| One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E.coli | Invitrogen | C4040-06 | Other chemically competent cells or homemade competent cells can be used |
| Esp 3I | Thermo Sci Fermentas Inc (Ordered through Fisher) | FERER0451 | |
| Plasmid-Safe ATP-dependent DNase | Epicentre (Ordered through Fisher) | NC9046399 | |
| QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit | Qiagen | 27106 | The Qiagen kit should be used for the initial plasmid preparation (as described in the Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit protocol) |
| QIAquick PCR Purification Kit | Qiagen | 28104 | |
| GeneMate LE Quick Dissolve Agaraose | BioExpress | E-3119-125 | |
| Sac I | Promega (Ordered through Fisher) | PR-R6061 | |
| mMESSAGE mMACHINE T3 Transcription kit | Ambion | AM1348M | |
| Rneasy MinElute Cleanup Kit | Qiagen | 74204 | |
| NorthernMax-Gly Sample Loading Dye | Ambion (ordered through Fisher) | AM8551 | |
| Eliminase | Decon (ordered through Fisher) | 04-355-32 | |
| Fisherbrand Disposable Soda-Lime Glass Pasteur Pipets | Fisher | 13-678-6B | |
| Standard Glass Capillaries | World Precision Instruments | 1B100-4 | |
| Microcaps | Drummond Scientific Company | 1-000-0010 | |
| Eppendorf Femtotips Microloader Tips for Femtojet Microinjector | Eppendorf (ordered through Fisher) | E5242956003 | |
| Sodium hydroxide | Fisher | S318-500 | |
| Tris base | Fisher | BP152-1 |
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