Genome Editing in<em> Astyanax mexicanus</em> Verwendung von Transkriptionsaktivator- artigen Effektor Nukleasen (Talens)
Summary
Gene-Targeting-Mutagenese ist nun möglich, in einem breiten Spektrum von Organismen unter Verwendung von Genom Bearbeitungstechniken. Hier zeigen wir ein Protokoll für eine gezielte Genmutagenese mit Talens (Talens) in Astyanax mexicanus, Fischarten , die Oberflächenfische und cavefish enthält.
Abstract
Identifying alleles of genes underlying evolutionary change is essential to understanding how and why evolution occurs. Towards this end, much recent work has focused on identifying candidate genes for the evolution of traits in a variety of species. However, until recently it has been challenging to functionally validate interesting candidate genes. Recently developed tools for genetic engineering make it possible to manipulate specific genes in a wide range of organisms. Application of this technology in evolutionarily relevant organisms will allow for unprecedented insight into the role of candidate genes in evolution. Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus) is a species of fish with both surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling forms. Multiple independent lines of cave-dwelling forms have evolved from ancestral surface fish, which are interfertile with one another and with surface fish, allowing elucidation of the genetic basis of cave traits. A. mexicanus has been used for a number of evolutionary studies, including linkage analysis to identify candidate genes responsible for a number of traits. Thus, A. mexicanus is an ideal system for the application of genome editing to test the role of candidate genes. Here we report a method for using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to mutate genes in surface A. mexicanus. Genome editing using TALENs in A. mexicanus has been utilized to generate mutations in pigmentation genes. This technique can also be utilized to evaluate the role of candidate genes for a number of other traits that have evolved in cave forms of A. mexicanus.
Introduction
die genetische Basis der Trait Evolution zu verstehen, ist ein kritischer Forschungsziel von Evolutionsbiologen. Es wurden beträchtliche Fortschritte bei der Identifizierung von Loci zugrunde liegenden , die Entwicklung von Merkmalen und Ortung Kandidatengene innerhalb dieser Loci (zB 1-3) hergestellt. Allerdings Funktionsprüfung die Rolle dieser Gene so viele Organismen, die für die Untersuchung der Evolution von Merkmalen verwendet geblieben ist herausfordernd sind derzeit nicht genetisch manipulierbaren. Das Aufkommen der Genome Editing-Technologien hat sich stark genetische Manipulierbarkeit von einem breiten Spektrum von Organismen erhöht. Transkriptionsaktivator-like Effektor Nukleasen (TALENS) und gruppierten regelmäßig kurzen palindromischen Repeats (CRISPRs) voneinander beabstandete haben gezielte Mutationen in Gene in einer Anzahl von Organismen zu erzeugen , verwendet (beispielsweise 4-11). Diese Werkzeuge, angewandt auf eine evolutionär relevante System, haben das Potenzial, die Art und Weise Evolutionsbiologen die genetische Grundlage der Evolution studieren, um zu revolutionieren.
Astyanax mexicanus ist eine Art der Fische, die in zwei Formen existiert: A. ein Fluss lebende Oberflächenform (surface Fisch) und mehrere höhlenbewohnenden Formen (cavefish). mexicanus cavefish von Oberflächenfische Vorfahren ( zusammengefasst in 12) entwickelt. Populationen von cavefish haben eine Reihe von Merkmalen , einschließlich Verlust von Augen, verringern oder Verlust der Pigmentierung entwickelt hat , eine erhöhte Anzahl von Geschmacksknospen und Schädelneuromasten und Veränderungen im Verhalten wie Verlust des Ausbildungsverhalten, erhöhte Aggression, Veränderungen in der Fütterung Haltung und hyperphagia 13 -19. Cavefish und Oberflächenfische sind interfertile und genetische Kartierung Experimente durchgeführt wurden Loci und Kandidatengene für Höhlen Züge 1,20-26 zu identifizieren. Einige Kandidatengene wurden für eine funktionelle Rolle in einen Beitrag zur Höhle Züge in der Zellkultur 1,19, in Modellorganismen anderer Arten 21 oder durch die Überexpression 27 oder transiente Knockdown u getestetMorpholinos 28 in A. singen mexicanus. Jedoch hat jedes dieser Verfahren Grenzen. Die Fähigkeit mutanten Allele dieser Gene in A. zu erzeugen mexicanus ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für das Verständnis ihrer Funktion in der Entwicklung der cavefish. Somit A. mexicanus ist ein idealer Kandidat Organismus für die Anwendung der Genombearbeitungstechnologien.
Hier beschreiben wir ein Verfahren zur Genom Bearbeitung in A. mexicanus mit Talens. Dieses Verfahren kann verwendet werden mosaic injizierten Gründer Fisch für Phänotypen zu bewerten und für Linien von Fischen mit stabilen Mutationen in Genen von Interesse 29 zu isolieren.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Große Fortschritte wurden in den letzten Jahren zum Verständnis der genetischen Grundlage der Entwicklung der Merkmale vorgenommen. Während Kandidatengene die Entwicklung einer Reihe von Merkmalen zugrundeliegenden identifiziert wurden, ist es schwierig geblieben , diese Gene in vivo zu testen , aufgrund des Fehlens von genetischen Lenkbarkeit der meisten evolutionarily interessante Arten. Hier berichten wir über ein Verfahren zur Genom Bearbeitung in A. mexicanus, eine Spezies verwendet , um die E…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Diese Arbeit wurde von der Abteilung für Genetik, Entwicklung und Zellbiologie und Iowa State University und von NIH Zuschusses EY024941 (WJ) .Dr finanziert. Jeffrey Essner Bemerkungen zu dem Manuskript.
Materials
| Equipment | |||
| Thermocycler | |||
| Injection station | |||
| Gel apparatus | |||
| Needle puller | |||
| Nanodrop | |||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Supplies | |||
| Note: As far as we know, supplies from different companies can be used unless otherwise indicated | |||
| Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit 2.0 | Addgene | Kit #1000000024 | |
| Fisher BioReagents LB Agar, Miller (Granulated) | Fisher | BP9724-500 | |
| Fisher BioReagents Microbiology Media: LB Broth, Miller | Fisher | BP1426-500 | |
| Teknova TET-15 in 50% EtOH | Teknova (ordered through Fisher) | 50-843-314 | |
| Spectinomycin Dihydrochloride, Fisher BioReagents | Fisher | BP2957-1 | |
| Super Ampicillin (1000x solution) | DNA Technologies | 6060-1 | |
| ThermoScientific X-Gal Solution, ready-to-use | Thermo Sci Fermentas Inc (Ordered through Fisher) | FERR0941 | |
| IPTG, Fisher BioReagents | Fisher | BP1620-1 | |
| Petri dishes | Fisher | 08-757-13 | |
| BsaI | New England Biolabs (ordered through Fisher) | 50-812-203 | Use BsaI, not BsaI-HF (as described in the Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit protocol) |
| BSA | New England Biolabs | provided with restriction enzymes | |
| 10x T4 ligase buffer | Promega (ordered through Fisher) | PR-C1263 | |
| GoTaq Green Master mix | Promega (ordered through Fisher) | PRM7123 | Other Taq can be used, but the reaction should be adjusted accordingly |
| Quick ligation kit | New England Biolabs (ordered through Fisher) | 50-811-728 | We use Quick Ligase for all TALEN assembly reactions |
| One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E.coli | Invitrogen | C4040-06 | Other chemically competent cells or homemade competent cells can be used |
| Esp 3I | Thermo Sci Fermentas Inc (Ordered through Fisher) | FERER0451 | |
| Plasmid-Safe ATP-dependent DNase | Epicentre (Ordered through Fisher) | NC9046399 | |
| QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit | Qiagen | 27106 | The Qiagen kit should be used for the initial plasmid preparation (as described in the Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit protocol) |
| QIAquick PCR Purification Kit | Qiagen | 28104 | |
| GeneMate LE Quick Dissolve Agaraose | BioExpress | E-3119-125 | |
| Sac I | Promega (Ordered through Fisher) | PR-R6061 | |
| mMESSAGE mMACHINE T3 Transcription kit | Ambion | AM1348M | |
| Rneasy MinElute Cleanup Kit | Qiagen | 74204 | |
| NorthernMax-Gly Sample Loading Dye | Ambion (ordered through Fisher) | AM8551 | |
| Eliminase | Decon (ordered through Fisher) | 04-355-32 | |
| Fisherbrand Disposable Soda-Lime Glass Pasteur Pipets | Fisher | 13-678-6B | |
| Standard Glass Capillaries | World Precision Instruments | 1B100-4 | |
| Microcaps | Drummond Scientific Company | 1-000-0010 | |
| Eppendorf Femtotips Microloader Tips for Femtojet Microinjector | Eppendorf (ordered through Fisher) | E5242956003 | |
| Sodium hydroxide | Fisher | S318-500 | |
| Tris base | Fisher | BP152-1 |
References
- Protas, M. E., et al. Genetic analysis of cavefish reveals molecular convergence in the evolution of albinism. Nat Genet. 38 (1), 107-111 (2006).
- Hoekstra, H. E., Hirschmann, R. J., Bundey, R. A., Insel, P. A., Crossland, J. P. A single amino acid mutation contributes to adaptive beach mouse color pattern. Science. 313 (5783), 101-104 (2006).
- Chan, Y. F., et al. Adaptive evolution of pelvic reduction in sticklebacks by recurrent deletion of a Pitx1 enhancer. Science. 327 (5963), 302-305 (2010).
- Liu, J., et al. Efficient and specific modifications of the Drosophila genome by means of an easy TALEN strategy. J Genet Genomics. 39 (5), 209-215 (2012).
- Bannister, S., et al. TALENs mediate efficient and heritable mutation of endogenous genes in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii. 유전학. 197 (1), 77-89 (2014).
- Lei, Y., et al. Efficient targeted gene disruption in Xenopus embryos using engineered transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (43), 17484-17489 (2012).
- Bedell, V. M., et al. In vivo genome editing using a high-efficiency TALEN system. Nature. 491 (7422), 114-118 (2012).
- Huang, P., et al. Heritable gene targeting in zebrafish using customized TALENs. Nat Biotechnol. 29 (8), 699-700 (2011).
- Ansai, S., et al. Efficient targeted mutagenesis in medaka using custom-designed transcription activator-like effector nucleases. 유전학. 193 (3), 739-749 (2013).
- Zhang, X., et al. Isolation of doublesex- and mab-3-related transcription factor 6 and its involvement in spermatogenesis in tilapia. Biol Reprod. 91 (6), 136 (2014).
- Wang, H., et al. One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Cell. 153 (4), 910-918 (2013).
- Gross, J. B. The complex origin of Astyanax cavefish. BMC Evol Biol. 12, 105 (2012).
- Wilkens, H. Evolution and genetics of epigean and cave Astyanax fasciatus (Characidae, Pisces) – support for the neutral mutation theory. Evolutionary Biology. 23, 271-367 (1988).
- Teyke, T. Morphological differences in neuromasts of the blind cave fish Astyanax hubbsi and the sighted river fish Astyanax mexicanus. Brain Behav Evol. 35 (1), 23-30 (1990).
- Schemmel, C. Genetische Untersuchungen zur Evolution des Geschmacksapparates bei cavernicolen Fischen. Z Zool Syst Evolutionforsch. 12, 196-215 (1974).
- Burchards, H., Dolle, A., Parzefall, J. Aggressive behavior of an epigean population of Astyanax mexicanus (Characidae, Pisces) and some observations of three subterranean populations. Behavioral Processes. 11, 225-235 (1985).
- Parzefall, J., Fricke, D. Alarm reaction and schooling in population hybrids of Astyanax fasciatus (Pisces, Characidae). Memoires e Biospeologie. , 29-32 (1991).
- Schemmel, C. Studies on the Genetics of Feeding Behavior in the Cave Fish Astyanax mexicanus F. anoptichthys. Z. Tierpsychol. 53, 9-22 (1980).
- Aspiras, A. C., Rohner, N., Martineau, B., Borowsky, R. L., Tabin, C. J. Melanocortin 4 receptor mutations contribute to the adaptation of cavefish to nutrient-poor conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (31), 9668-9673 (2015).
- Protas, M., et al. Multi-trait evolution in a cave fish, Astyanax mexicanus. Evol Dev. 10 (2), 196-209 (2008).
- Gross, J. B., Borowsky, R., Tabin, C. J. A novel role for Mc1r in the parallel evolution of depigmentation in independent populations of the cavefish Astyanax mexicanus. PLoS Genet. 5 (1), e1000326 (2009).
- Yoshizawa, M., Yamamoto, Y., O’Quin, K. E., Jeffery, W. R. Evolution of an adaptive behavior and its sensory receptors promotes eye regression in blind cavefish. BMC Biol. 10, 108 (2012).
- Quin, K. E., Yoshizawa, M., Doshi, P., Jeffery, W. R. Quantitative genetic analysis of retinal degeneration in the blind cavefish Astyanax mexicanus. PLoS One. 8 (2), 57281 (2013).
- Kowalko, J. E., et al. Convergence in feeding posture occurs through different genetic loci in independently evolved cave populations of Astyanax mexicanus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110 (42), 16933-16938 (2013).
- Kowalko, J. E., et al. Loss of Schooling Behavior in Cavefish through Sight-Dependent and Sight-Independent Mechanisms. Curr Biol. , (2013).
- Gross, J. B., Krutzler, A. J., Carlson, B. M. Complex craniofacial changes in blind cave-dwelling fish are mediated by genetically symmetric and asymmetric loci. 유전학. 196 (4), 1303-1319 (2014).
- Yamamoto, Y., Stock, D. W., Jeffery, W. R. Hedgehog signalling controls eye degeneration in blind cavefish. Nature. 431 (7010), 844-847 (2004).
- Bilandzija, H., Ma, L., Parkhurst, A., Jeffery, W. R. A potential benefit of albinism in Astyanax cavefish: downregulation of the oca2 gene increases tyrosine and catecholamine levels as an alternative to melanin synthesis. PLoS One. 8 (11), e80823 (2013).
- Ma, L., Jeffery, W. R., Essner, J. J., Kowalko, J. E. Genome editing using TALENs in blind Mexican Cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus. PLoS One. 10 (3), e0119370 (2015).
- Untergrasser, A., Cutcutache, I., Koressaar, T., Ye, J., Faircloth, B. C., Remm, M., Rozen, S. G. Primer3- new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (15), 115 (2012).
- Koressaar, T., Remm, M. Enhancements and modifications of primer design program Primer3. Bioinformatics. 23 (10), 1289-1291 (2007).
- Cermak, T., et al. Efficient design and assembly of custom TALEN and other TAL effector-based constructs for DNA targeting. Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (12), 82 (2011).
- . Addgene. Golden TALEN assembly Available from: https://www.addgene.org/static/cms/filer_public/98/5a/985a6117-7490-4001-8f6a-24b2cf7b005b/golden_gate_talen_assembly_v7.pdf (2011)
- A device to hold zebrafish embryos during microinjection. ZFIN Protocol Wiki Available from: https://wiki.zfin.org/display/prot/A+Device+To+Hold+Zebrafish+Embryos+During+Microinjection (2009)
- Hinaux, H., et al. A developmental staging table for Astyanax mexicanus surface fish and Pachon cavefish. Zebrafish. 8 (4), 155-165 (2011).
- Schindelin, J., et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).
- Bitinaite, J., Wah, D. A., Aggarwal, A. K., Schildkraut, I. FokI dimerization is required for DNA cleavage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (18), 10570-10575 (1998).
- Elipot, Y., et al. A mutation in the enzyme monoamine oxidase explains part of the Astyanax cavefish behavioural syndrome. Nat Commun. 5, 3647 (2014).
- McGaugh, S. E., et al. The cavefish genome reveals candidate genes for eye loss. Nat Commun. 5, 5307 (2014).
- Yoshizawa, M., Goricki, S., Soares, D., Jeffery, W. R. Evolution of a behavioral shift mediated by superficial neuromasts helps cavefish find food in darkness. Curr Biol. 20 (18), 1631-1636 (2010).
- Blackburn, P. R., Campbell, J. M., Clark, K. J., Ekker, S. C. The CRISPR system–keeping zebrafish gene targeting fresh. Zebrafish. 10 (1), 116-118 (2013).
- Varshney, G. K., et al. High-throughput gene targeting and phenotyping in zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9. Genome Res. 25 (7), 1030-1042 (2015).
- Shin, J., Chen, J., Solnica-Krezel, L. Efficient homologous recombination-mediated genome engineering in zebrafish using TALE nucleases. Development. 141 (19), 3807-3818 (2014).
- Ablain, J., Durand, E. M., Yang, S., Zhou, Y., Zon, L. I. A CRISPR/Cas9 vector system for tissue-specific gene disruption in zebrafish. Dev Cell. 32 (6), 756-764 (2015).
- Yamamoto, Y., Jeffery, W. R. Central role for the lens in cave fish eye degeneration. Science. 289 (5479), 631-633 (2000).
