Genome Editing in<em> Mexicanus Astianatte</em> Uso Trascrizione Activator simile Effector nucleasi (Talens)
Summary
Gene-targeting mutagenesi è ora possibile in una vasta gamma di organismi che utilizzano tecniche di editing genoma. Qui, dimostriamo un protocollo per la mutagenesi genica mirata utilizzando trascrizione attivatore come nucleasi effettrici (Talens) in Astianatte mexicanus, una specie di pesci che comprende pesce di superficie e cavefish.
Abstract
Identifying alleles of genes underlying evolutionary change is essential to understanding how and why evolution occurs. Towards this end, much recent work has focused on identifying candidate genes for the evolution of traits in a variety of species. However, until recently it has been challenging to functionally validate interesting candidate genes. Recently developed tools for genetic engineering make it possible to manipulate specific genes in a wide range of organisms. Application of this technology in evolutionarily relevant organisms will allow for unprecedented insight into the role of candidate genes in evolution. Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus) is a species of fish with both surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling forms. Multiple independent lines of cave-dwelling forms have evolved from ancestral surface fish, which are interfertile with one another and with surface fish, allowing elucidation of the genetic basis of cave traits. A. mexicanus has been used for a number of evolutionary studies, including linkage analysis to identify candidate genes responsible for a number of traits. Thus, A. mexicanus is an ideal system for the application of genome editing to test the role of candidate genes. Here we report a method for using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to mutate genes in surface A. mexicanus. Genome editing using TALENs in A. mexicanus has been utilized to generate mutations in pigmentation genes. This technique can also be utilized to evaluate the role of candidate genes for a number of other traits that have evolved in cave forms of A. mexicanus.
Introduction
La comprensione delle basi genetiche dell'evoluzione tratto è un obiettivo di ricerca critica di biologi evoluzionisti. Notevoli progressi sono stati fatti per identificare loci sottostanti l'evoluzione dei tratti e individuare geni candidati all'interno di questi loci (ad esempio 1-3). Tuttavia, funzionalmente testare il ruolo di questi geni è rimasta sfidando come molti organismi utilizzati per studiare l'evoluzione dei tratti non sono attualmente geneticamente trattabili. L'avvento delle tecnologie di editing genoma è notevolmente aumentato manipolabilità genetica di una vasta gamma di organismi. Trascrizione nucleasi attivatore simile effettrici (Talens) e cluster regolarmente intervallati brevi ripetizioni palindromi (CRISPRs) sono stati utilizzati per generare mutazioni nei geni mirati in una serie di organismi (ad esempio 4-11). Questi strumenti, applicati ad un sistema evolutivamente rilevanti, hanno il potenziale per rivoluzionare il modo in cui i biologi evoluzionisti studiare le basi genetiche dell'evoluzione.
Astianatte mexicanus è una specie di pesci che esiste in due forme:. Un fiume-dimora forma di superficie (pesce di superficie) e molteplici forme cavernicoli (cavefish) A. mexicanus cavefish si è evoluta da antenati dei pesci di superficie (recensito in 12). Le popolazioni di cavefish hanno sviluppato un certo numero di caratteristiche tra cui la perdita degli occhi, diminuzione o perdita della pigmentazione, aumento del numero di papille gustative e neuromasti cranici, e cambiamenti nel comportamento come la perdita di comportamento scolastico, maggiore aggressività, cambiamenti di alimentazione postura e iperfagia 13 -19. Cavefish e pesce di superficie sono interfertili, e gli esperimenti di mappatura genetica sono stati effettuati per identificare loci e geni candidati per i tratti rupestri 1,20-26. Alcuni geni candidati sono stati testati per un ruolo funzionale nel contribuire a tratti rupestri in coltura cellulare 1,19, in organismi modello di altre specie di 21 o da 27 o sovraespressione atterramento transitoria ucantare morpholinos 28 in A. mexicanus. Tuttavia, ciascuno di questi metodi ha limitazioni. La capacità di generare alleli mutanti di questi geni in A. mexicanus è fondamentale per comprendere la loro funzione nell'evoluzione del cavefish. Così, A. mexicanus è un organismo candidato ideale per l'applicazione di tecnologie di modifica del genoma.
Qui descriviamo un metodo per la modifica del genoma in A. mexicanus utilizzando Talens. Questo metodo può essere utilizzato per valutare mosaico iniettato pesce fondatore per fenotipi e per isolare le linee di pesce con mutazioni nei geni stabili di interesse 29.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Grandi passi avanti sono stati compiuti negli ultimi anni verso la comprensione delle basi genetiche dell'evoluzione dei tratti. Mentre sono stati identificati geni candidati sottostanti l'evoluzione di un certo numero di tratti, è rimasta impegnativo per testare questi geni in vivo a causa della mancanza di trattabilità genetica di specie più interessanti evolutivamente. Qui riportiamo un metodo per la modifica del genoma in A. mexicanus, una specie utilizzate per studiare l'evoluzione …
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Questo lavoro è stato finanziato dal Dipartimento di Genetica, Sviluppo e Biologia Cellulare e Iowa State University e dal NIH concedere EY024941 (WJ) .dr. Jeffrey Essner fornito commenti sul manoscritto.
Materials
| Equipment | |||
| Thermocycler | |||
| Injection station | |||
| Gel apparatus | |||
| Needle puller | |||
| Nanodrop | |||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Supplies | |||
| Note: As far as we know, supplies from different companies can be used unless otherwise indicated | |||
| Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit 2.0 | Addgene | Kit #1000000024 | |
| Fisher BioReagents LB Agar, Miller (Granulated) | Fisher | BP9724-500 | |
| Fisher BioReagents Microbiology Media: LB Broth, Miller | Fisher | BP1426-500 | |
| Teknova TET-15 in 50% EtOH | Teknova (ordered through Fisher) | 50-843-314 | |
| Spectinomycin Dihydrochloride, Fisher BioReagents | Fisher | BP2957-1 | |
| Super Ampicillin (1000x solution) | DNA Technologies | 6060-1 | |
| ThermoScientific X-Gal Solution, ready-to-use | Thermo Sci Fermentas Inc (Ordered through Fisher) | FERR0941 | |
| IPTG, Fisher BioReagents | Fisher | BP1620-1 | |
| Petri dishes | Fisher | 08-757-13 | |
| BsaI | New England Biolabs (ordered through Fisher) | 50-812-203 | Use BsaI, not BsaI-HF (as described in the Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit protocol) |
| BSA | New England Biolabs | provided with restriction enzymes | |
| 10x T4 ligase buffer | Promega (ordered through Fisher) | PR-C1263 | |
| GoTaq Green Master mix | Promega (ordered through Fisher) | PRM7123 | Other Taq can be used, but the reaction should be adjusted accordingly |
| Quick ligation kit | New England Biolabs (ordered through Fisher) | 50-811-728 | We use Quick Ligase for all TALEN assembly reactions |
| One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E.coli | Invitrogen | C4040-06 | Other chemically competent cells or homemade competent cells can be used |
| Esp 3I | Thermo Sci Fermentas Inc (Ordered through Fisher) | FERER0451 | |
| Plasmid-Safe ATP-dependent DNase | Epicentre (Ordered through Fisher) | NC9046399 | |
| QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit | Qiagen | 27106 | The Qiagen kit should be used for the initial plasmid preparation (as described in the Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit protocol) |
| QIAquick PCR Purification Kit | Qiagen | 28104 | |
| GeneMate LE Quick Dissolve Agaraose | BioExpress | E-3119-125 | |
| Sac I | Promega (Ordered through Fisher) | PR-R6061 | |
| mMESSAGE mMACHINE T3 Transcription kit | Ambion | AM1348M | |
| Rneasy MinElute Cleanup Kit | Qiagen | 74204 | |
| NorthernMax-Gly Sample Loading Dye | Ambion (ordered through Fisher) | AM8551 | |
| Eliminase | Decon (ordered through Fisher) | 04-355-32 | |
| Fisherbrand Disposable Soda-Lime Glass Pasteur Pipets | Fisher | 13-678-6B | |
| Standard Glass Capillaries | World Precision Instruments | 1B100-4 | |
| Microcaps | Drummond Scientific Company | 1-000-0010 | |
| Eppendorf Femtotips Microloader Tips for Femtojet Microinjector | Eppendorf (ordered through Fisher) | E5242956003 | |
| Sodium hydroxide | Fisher | S318-500 | |
| Tris base | Fisher | BP152-1 |
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