Genoma Edição na<em> Mexicanus Astyanax</em> Usando Transcrição Activator-like Effector nucleases (TALENS)
Summary
mutagénese de direccionamento de genes é agora possível em uma ampla gama de microrganismos utilizando técnicas de edição genoma. Aqui, nós demonstramos um protocolo para mutagénese gene alvo usando ativador de transcrição como nucleases efetoras (TALENS) em Astyanax mexicanus, uma espécie de peixe que inclui peixes de superfície e cavefish.
Abstract
Identifying alleles of genes underlying evolutionary change is essential to understanding how and why evolution occurs. Towards this end, much recent work has focused on identifying candidate genes for the evolution of traits in a variety of species. However, until recently it has been challenging to functionally validate interesting candidate genes. Recently developed tools for genetic engineering make it possible to manipulate specific genes in a wide range of organisms. Application of this technology in evolutionarily relevant organisms will allow for unprecedented insight into the role of candidate genes in evolution. Astyanax mexicanus (A. mexicanus) is a species of fish with both surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling forms. Multiple independent lines of cave-dwelling forms have evolved from ancestral surface fish, which are interfertile with one another and with surface fish, allowing elucidation of the genetic basis of cave traits. A. mexicanus has been used for a number of evolutionary studies, including linkage analysis to identify candidate genes responsible for a number of traits. Thus, A. mexicanus is an ideal system for the application of genome editing to test the role of candidate genes. Here we report a method for using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to mutate genes in surface A. mexicanus. Genome editing using TALENs in A. mexicanus has been utilized to generate mutations in pigmentation genes. This technique can also be utilized to evaluate the role of candidate genes for a number of other traits that have evolved in cave forms of A. mexicanus.
Introduction
A compreensão da base genética da evolução característica é uma meta pesquisa crítica dos biólogos evolutivos. Um progresso considerável foi feito na identificação de loci subjacentes à evolução dos traços e identificar genes candidatos dentro destes loci (por exemplo 1-3). No entanto, funcionalmente testar o papel destes genes manteve-se como um desafio muitos organismos utilizados para o estudo da evolução de traços não são actualmente tratável geneticamente. O advento das tecnologias de edição genoma aumentou significativamente a manipulabilidade genética de uma larga gama de organismos. Transcrição nucleases-activadores como efectoras (TALENS) e agrupados regularmente interespaçadas palindr�icas repetições curtas (CRISPR) foram usadas para gerar mutações pontuais em genes em vários organismos (por exemplo, 4-11). Essas ferramentas, aplicados a um sistema evolutivamente relevantes, têm o potencial de revolucionar a forma como os biólogos evolucionistas estudar a base genética da evolução.
Astyanax mexicanus é uma espécie de peixe que existe em duas formas: a. (Peixe de superfície) forma de superfície-moradia rio e múltiplas formas cavernícolas (cavefish) A. mexicanus cavefish evoluíram a partir de ancestrais peixes de superfície (revisto em 12). Populações de cavefish desenvolveram uma série de características, incluindo a perda dos olhos, diminuição ou perda da pigmentação, aumento do número de papilas gustativas e neuromasts cranianos e alterações no comportamento, como a perda do comportamento de escolaridade, aumento da agressividade, mudanças na alimentação postura e hiperfagia 13 -19. Cavefish e peixes de superfície são interférteis e experimentos de mapeamento genético foram realizados para identificar genes loci e candidatos para características caverna 1,20-26. Alguns genes candidatos foram testados para um papel funcional em contribuir para traços caverna em cultura de células 1,19, em organismos modelo de outras espécies de 21 ou pela superexpressão 27 ou knockdown transitória ucantar morpholinos 28 em A. mexicanus. No entanto, cada um destes métodos tem limitações. A capacidade para gerar alelos mutantes desses genes em A. mexicanus é fundamental para a compreensão de sua função na evolução da cavefish. Assim, A. mexicanus é um organismo candidato ideal para a aplicação de tecnologias de edição genoma.
Aqui destacamos um método para edição genoma em A. mexicanus usando TALENS. Este método pode ser utilizado para avaliar mosaico injectado peixe fundador para fenótipos e para o isolamento de linhas de peixes com mutações estáveis em 29 genes de interesse.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Grandes avanços foram feitos nos últimos anos para a compreensão da base genética da evolução dos traços. Embora os genes candidatos subjacentes a evolução de um número de características tem sido identificado, manteve-se um desafio para testar estes genes in vivo, devido à falta de rastreabilidade genética de espécies evolutivamente mais interessantes. Aqui nós relatamos um método para edição genoma em A. mexicanus, espécie usada para estudar a evolução de animais das cavernas. Ma…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Departamento de Genética, Desenvolvimento e Biologia Celular e Iowa State University e pelo NIH concessão EY024941 (WJ) .dr. Jeffrey Essner fornecida comentários sobre o manuscrito.
Materials
| Equipment | |||
| Thermocycler | |||
| Injection station | |||
| Gel apparatus | |||
| Needle puller | |||
| Nanodrop | |||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Supplies | |||
| Note: As far as we know, supplies from different companies can be used unless otherwise indicated | |||
| Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit 2.0 | Addgene | Kit #1000000024 | |
| Fisher BioReagents LB Agar, Miller (Granulated) | Fisher | BP9724-500 | |
| Fisher BioReagents Microbiology Media: LB Broth, Miller | Fisher | BP1426-500 | |
| Teknova TET-15 in 50% EtOH | Teknova (ordered through Fisher) | 50-843-314 | |
| Spectinomycin Dihydrochloride, Fisher BioReagents | Fisher | BP2957-1 | |
| Super Ampicillin (1000x solution) | DNA Technologies | 6060-1 | |
| ThermoScientific X-Gal Solution, ready-to-use | Thermo Sci Fermentas Inc (Ordered through Fisher) | FERR0941 | |
| IPTG, Fisher BioReagents | Fisher | BP1620-1 | |
| Petri dishes | Fisher | 08-757-13 | |
| BsaI | New England Biolabs (ordered through Fisher) | 50-812-203 | Use BsaI, not BsaI-HF (as described in the Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit protocol) |
| BSA | New England Biolabs | provided with restriction enzymes | |
| 10x T4 ligase buffer | Promega (ordered through Fisher) | PR-C1263 | |
| GoTaq Green Master mix | Promega (ordered through Fisher) | PRM7123 | Other Taq can be used, but the reaction should be adjusted accordingly |
| Quick ligation kit | New England Biolabs (ordered through Fisher) | 50-811-728 | We use Quick Ligase for all TALEN assembly reactions |
| One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E.coli | Invitrogen | C4040-06 | Other chemically competent cells or homemade competent cells can be used |
| Esp 3I | Thermo Sci Fermentas Inc (Ordered through Fisher) | FERER0451 | |
| Plasmid-Safe ATP-dependent DNase | Epicentre (Ordered through Fisher) | NC9046399 | |
| QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit | Qiagen | 27106 | The Qiagen kit should be used for the initial plasmid preparation (as described in the Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit protocol) |
| QIAquick PCR Purification Kit | Qiagen | 28104 | |
| GeneMate LE Quick Dissolve Agaraose | BioExpress | E-3119-125 | |
| Sac I | Promega (Ordered through Fisher) | PR-R6061 | |
| mMESSAGE mMACHINE T3 Transcription kit | Ambion | AM1348M | |
| Rneasy MinElute Cleanup Kit | Qiagen | 74204 | |
| NorthernMax-Gly Sample Loading Dye | Ambion (ordered through Fisher) | AM8551 | |
| Eliminase | Decon (ordered through Fisher) | 04-355-32 | |
| Fisherbrand Disposable Soda-Lime Glass Pasteur Pipets | Fisher | 13-678-6B | |
| Standard Glass Capillaries | World Precision Instruments | 1B100-4 | |
| Microcaps | Drummond Scientific Company | 1-000-0010 | |
| Eppendorf Femtotips Microloader Tips for Femtojet Microinjector | Eppendorf (ordered through Fisher) | E5242956003 | |
| Sodium hydroxide | Fisher | S318-500 | |
| Tris base | Fisher | BP152-1 |
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