La producción de células madre pluripotentes a partir de células de ratón amniótico líquido mediante un sistema de transposón
Summary
In this study, we generate induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse amniotic fluid cells, using a non-viral-based transposon system.
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors using different methods. Here, we produced iPS cells from mouse amniotic fluid cells, using a non-viral-based transposon system. All obtained iPS cell lines exhibited characteristics of pluripotent cells, including the ability to differentiate toward derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. This strategy opens up the possibility of using cells from diseased fetuses to develop new therapies for birth defects.
Introduction
El diagnóstico prenatal es una importante herramienta clínica para evaluar enfermedades genéticas (es decir, aberraciones cromosómicas, enfermedades monogénicas o poligenéticos / multifactorial) y malformaciones congénitas (hernia diafragmática congénita es decir, lesiones pulmonares quísticas, onfalocele, gastrosquisis). El líquido amniótico (AF) las células son fáciles de obtener de forma rutinaria los procedimientos programados durante el segundo trimestre del embarazo (es decir, la amniocentesis y amniorreducción) o cesáreas 1, 2. La disponibilidad de las células AF de pacientes prenatales o neonatales ofrece la posibilidad de utilizar esta fuente para la medicina regenerativa, y varios investigadores investigó la posibilidad de tratar diferentes daños de tejidos o enfermedades utilizando una población de células madre aisladas de AF 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. La posibilidad de obtener fácilmente células AF de pacientes enfermos, en una ventana de tiempo en el que la enfermedad es a menudo estacionario, abre el camino a la idea de utilizar esta fuente de células para los propósitos de reprogramación. De hecho, las células madre pluripotentes inducidas (iPS) derivadas de células AF podrían diferenciarse en las células de interés para las pruebas de fármacos in vitro o para los enfoques de ingeniería de tejidos, con el fin de preparar una terapia adecuada específica del paciente antes del parto. Muchos estudios ya han demostrado la capacidad de las células AF para ser reprogramado y diferenciarse en una amplia gama de tipos de células 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 </ sup>, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
Desde el descubrimiento por Takahashi y Yamanaka 28 de células somáticas reprogramadas a través de la expresión forzada de cuatro factores de transcripción (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 y CMYC), se han hecho progresos en el campo de la reprogramación. Teniendo en cuenta los diferentes métodos, podemos distinguir entre los enfoques virales y no virales. La primera espera que el uso de vectores virales (retrovirus y lentivirus), que tienen una alta eficiencia, pero silenciamiento generalmente incompleta del transgén retroviral, tanto con la consecuencia de una línea de células parcialmente reprogramado y el riesgo demutagénesis por inserción 29, 30, 31. El método no viral utiliza diferentes estrategias: es decir, plásmidos, vectores, ARNm, proteínas, transposones. La derivación de células iPS libres de secuencias transgénicas pretende eludir los efectos potencialmente nocivos de la expresión del transgen con fugas y la mutagénesis por inserción. Entre todas las estrategias no virales mencionados anteriormente, el sistema de transposón / transposasa PiggyBac (PB) requiere sólo las repeticiones terminales invertidas que flanquean un transgén y la expresión transitoria de la enzima transposasa para catalizar eventos de inserción o de escisión 32. La ventaja en el uso de transposones sobre otros métodos para la generación de células iPS es la posibilidad de obtener células iPS libre de vectores con un enfoque de vector no viral que muestra la misma eficacia de los vectores retrovirales. Esto es posible mediante escisión trace-menos de la codificación transposón integrado para la reprogramming siguientes factores de una nueva expresión transitoria de la transposasa en las células iPS 33. Dado que PB es eficiente en diferentes tipos de células 34, 35, 36, 37, es más adecuado para un enfoque clínico con respecto a los vectores virales, y permite la producción de células iPS sin xeno contrario a protocolos de producción virales actuales que utilizan xenobiótico condiciones, este sistema se utiliza para obtener células iPS a partir murino AF.
Aquí proponemos un protocolo detallado siguientes trabajos ya publicados para mostrar la producción de iPS a partir de células pluripotentes clones AF de ratón (células iPS-AF) 38.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
El método elegido para obtener la inducción de la pluripotencia es relevante para la seguridad clínica de células con respecto al trasplante a largo plazo. Hoy en día, existen varios métodos adecuados para la reprogramación. Entre los métodos no integrativos, la viral (SEV) vector Sendai es un virus de ARN que pueden producir grandes cantidades de proteína sin integrar en el núcleo de las células infectadas 40 y podría ser una estrategia para obtener células iPS. vectores SeV podría…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by CARIPARO Foundation Grant number 13/04 and Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza Grant number 10/02. Martina Piccoli, Chiara Franzin and Michela Pozzobon are funded by Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza. Enrica Bertin is funded by CARIPARO Foundation Grant number 13/04. Paolo De Coppi is funded by Great Ormond Street Hospital Children’s Charity.
Materials
| 100 mm Bacterial-grade Petri Dishes | BD Falcon | 351029 | For in vitro differentiation |
| 2-mercaptoethanol | Sigma | M6250 | For mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| Alexa568-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A21043 | Secondary antibody (immunofluorescence) |
| Alexa594-conjugated chicken anti-goat IgG | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A21468 | Secondary antibody (immunofluorescence) |
| Alexa594-conjugated chicken anti-rabbit IgG | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A21442 | Secondary antibody (immunofluorescence) |
| Alexa594-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A11005 | Secondary antibody (immunofluorescence) |
| Alkaline Phosphatase kit | Sigma | 85L1 | Alkaline Phosphatase staining |
| Ampicillin | Sigma | A0166 | For bacterial selection |
| Bovine Serum Albumin | Sigma | A7906 | BSA, for blocking solution. Diluted in PBS 1X |
| Chloroform | Sigma | C2432 | For RNA extraction |
| DH5α cells | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 18265-017 | Bacteria for cloning procedure |
| Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 41965039 | For MEF, mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| Doxycycline | Sigma | D9891 | For exogenous factors expression |
| Microcentrifuge tubes (1.5 mL) | Sarstedt | 72.706 | For PB production |
| ES FBS | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10439024 | For mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| FBS | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10270106 | For MEF medium |
| Fine point forceps | F.S.T | Dumont #5 | AF isolation |
| Gelatin | J.T.Baker | 131 | Used 0.1%, diluted in PBS 1X |
| Glycine | Bio-Rad | 161-0718 | For blocking solution. Diluted in PBS 1X |
| Haematoxylin QS | Vector Laboratories | H3404 | Nuclei detection |
| HE | Bio-Optica | 04-061010 | Histological analysis of teratoma |
| Hoechst | Thermo Fisher Scientific | H3570 | Nuclei detection |
| Horse Serum | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 16050-122 | For blocking solution |
| HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG | SantaCruz | sc2005 | Secondary antibody (immunoperoxidase) |
| ImmPACT NovaRED | Vector Laboratories | SK4805 | Peroxidase substrate |
| Insulin syringe with needle (25G) | Terumo | SS+01H25161 | Amniocentesis procedure |
| Klf4 | SantaCruz | sc-20691 | Rabbit polyclonal IgG |
| L-glutamine | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 25030 | For mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| LB broth (Lennox) | Sigma | L3022 | For bacterial growth |
| LIF | Sigma | L5158 | For mouse AF and iPS-AF cells medium |
| Matrigel | BD | 354234 | For in vitro differentiation. Diluted 1:10 in DMEM |
| Methanol | Sigma | 32213 | Peroxidase blocking |
| MULTIWELL 24 well plate | BD Falcon | 353047 | For in vitro differentiation |
| MULTIWELL 6 well plate | BD Falcon | 353046 | For MEF, mouse AF and iPS-AF cells culture |
| Nanog | ReproCELL | RCAB0002P-F | Rabbit polyclonal IgG |
| Non-essential amino acids | Sigma | M7145 | For mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| Normal Goat Serum | Vector Laboratories | S2000 | For blocking solution. Diluted in PBS 1X |
| NP-40 | Sigma | 12087-87-0 | For cell permeabilization. Diluted in PBS 1X |
| Oct4 | SantaCruz | sc-5279 | Mouse monoclonal IgG2b |
| Oligo (dT) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 18418012 | For RT-PCR |
| Paraformaldehyde (solution) | Sigma | 441244 | PFA, fixative, diluted in PBS |
| PBS 10X | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 14200-067 | D-PBS, free of Ca2+/Mg2+. Diluted with sterile water to obtain PBS 1X |
| Penicillin – Streptomycin | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15070063 | For MEF, mouse AF, iPS-AF cells and differentiation medium |
| Petri Dish (150mm) | BD Falcon | 353025 | For MEF culture, tissue culture |
| PiggyBac transposase expression plasmid | Provided by professor Andras Nagy laboratory | – | mPBase |
| PiggyBac-tetO2-IRES-OKMS transposon plasmid | Provided by professor Andras Nagy laboratory | – | PB-tetO2-IRES-OKMS |
| QIAprep Spin Maxiprep Kit | Qiagen | 12663 | For plasmids purification |
| QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit | Qiagen | 27106 | For plasmids purification |
| Reverse tetracycline transactivator transposon plasmid | Provided by professor Andras Nagy laboratory | – | rtTA |
| RNeasy Mini Kit | Qiagen | 74134 | For RNA extraction |
| Sox2 | SantaCruz | sc-17320 | Goat polyclonal IgG |
| SSEA1 | Abcam | ab16285 | Mouse monoclonal IgM |
| SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 18064-014 | For RT-PCR |
| T | Abcam | ab20680 | Rabbit polyclonal IgG |
| Taq DNA Polymerase | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 10342020 | PCR |
| Trypsin | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 25300-054 | Cell culture passaging |
| Triton X-100 | Bio-Rad | 161-047 | For cell permeabilization, diluted in PBS 1X |
| TRIzol Reagent | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15596-026 | For RNA extraction |
| Tubb3 | Promega | G712A | Mouse monoclonal IgG1 |
| TWEEN-20 | Sigma | P1379 | For cell permeabilization, diluted in PBS 1X |
| αfp | R&D Systems | MAB1368 | Mouse Monoclonal IgG1 |
| αSMA | Abcam | ab7817 | Mouse Monoclonal IgG2a |
| Transfection Reagent (FuGENE HD) | Promega | E2311 | For AF cells transfection |
| Stereomicroscope | Nikon | SM2645 | To perform amniocentesis |
| 200 ul tips | Sarstedt | 70.760012 | To pick bacteria colonies |
| Scissor | F.S.T | 14094-11 stainless 25U | To perform amniocentesis |
| Ethanol | Sigma | 2860 | To clean the abdominal wall of the pregnant dam |
| Tissue culture petri dish (150 mm) | BD Falcon | 353025 | For MEF expansion |
| Mitomycin C | Sigma | M4287-2MG | For MEF inactivation |
| MULTIWELL 96 well plate | BD Falcon | 353071 | For iPS-AF culture |
References
- You, Q., et al. Isolation of human mesenchymal stem cells from third-trimester amniotic fluid. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 103 (2), 149-152 (2008).
- Prusa, A. R., Hengstschlager, M. Amniotic fluid cells and human stem cell research: a new connection. Med Sci Monit. 8 (11), RA253-RA257 (2002).
- Ditadi, A., et al. Human and murine amniotic fluid c-Kit+ Lin- cells display hematopoietic activity. Blood. 113 (17), 3953-3960 (2009).
- Piccoli, M., et al. Amniotic fluid stem cells restore the muscle cell niche in a HSA-Cre, Smn(F7/F7) mouse model. Stem Cells. 30 (8), 1675-1684 (2012).
- Zani, A., et al. Amniotic fluid stem cells improve survival and enhance repair of damaged intestine in necrotising enterocolitis via a COX-2 dependent mechanism. Gut. 63 (2), 300-309 (2014).
- Rota, C., et al. Human amniotic fluid stem cell preconditioning improves their regenerative potential. Stem Cells Dev. 21 (11), 1911-1923 (2012).
- Mirabella, T., et al. Pro-angiogenic soluble factors from Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells mediate the recruitment of endothelial progenitors in a model of ischemic fasciocutaneous flap. Stem Cells Dev. 21 (12), 2179-2188 (2012).
- Mirabella, T., Cili, M., Carlone, S., Cancedda, R., Gentili, C. Amniotic liquid derived stem cells as reservoir of secreted angiogenic factors capable of stimulating neo-arteriogenesis in an ischemic model. Biomaterials. 32 (15), 3689-3699 (2011).
- Yeh, Y. C., et al. Cardiac repair with injectable cell sheet fragments of human amniotic fluid stem cells in an immune-suppressed rat model. Biomaterials. 31 (25), 6444-6453 (2010).
- Kim, J. A., et al. MYOD mediates skeletal myogenic differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells and regeneration of muscle injury. Stem Cell Res Ther. 4 (6), 147 (2013).
- Vadasz, S., et al. Second and third trimester amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells can repopulate a de-cellularized lung scaffold and express lung markers. J Pediatr Surg. 49 (11), 1554-1563 (2014).
- Turner, C. G., et al. Preclinical regulatory validation of an engineered diaphragmatic tendon made with amniotic mesenchymal stem cells. J Pediatr Surg. 46 (1), 57-61 (2011).
- Galende, E., et al. Amniotic Fluid Cells Are More Efficiently Reprogrammed to Pluripotency Than Adult Cells. Cloning Stem Cells. 12 (2), 117-125 (2009).
- Li, C., et al. Pluripotency can be rapidly and efficiently induced in human amniotic fluid-derived cells. Hum Mol Genet. 18 (22), 4340-4349 (2009).
- Ye, L., et al. Induced pluripotent stem cells offer new approach to therapy in thalassemia and sickle cell anemia and option in prenatal diagnosis in genetic diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (24), 9826-9830 (2009).
- Wolfrum, K., et al. The LARGE Principle of Cellular Reprogramming: Lost, Acquired and Retained Gene Expression in Foreskin and Amniotic Fluid-Derived Human iPS Cells. PLoS ONE. 5 (10), 137-138 (2010).
- Ye, L., et al. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells using site-specific integration with phage integrase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (45), 19467-19472 (2010).
- Lu, H. E., et al. Selection of alkaline phosphatase-positive induced pluripotent stem cells from human amniotic fluid-derived cells by feeder-free system. Exp Cell Res. 317 (13), 1895-1903 (2011).
- Lu, H. E., et al. Modeling Neurogenesis Impairment in Down Syndrome with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Trisomy 21 Amniotic Fluid Cells. Exp Cell Res. 319 (4), 498-505 (2012).
- Kobari, L., et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cells can reach complete terminal maturation: in vivo and in vitro evidence in the erythropoietic differentiation model. Haematologica. 97 (12), 1795-1803 (2012).
- Li, Q., Fan, Y., Sun, X., Yu, Y. Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Amniotic Fluid Cells by Reprogramming with Two Factors in Feeder-free Conditions. J Reprod Dev. 59 (1), 72-77 (2012).
- Fan, Y., Luo, Y., Chen, X., Li, Q., Sun, X. Generation of Human β-thalassemia Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Single Excisable Lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette. J Reprod Dev. 58 (4), 404-409 (2012).
- Liu, T., et al. High efficiency of reprogramming CD34+ cells derived from human amniotic fluid into induced pluripotent stem cells with Oct4. Stem Cells Dev. 21 (12), 2322-2332 (2012).
- Jiang, G., et al. Human transgene-free amniotic-fluid-derived induced pluripotent stem cells for autologous cell therapy. Stem Cells Dev. 23 (21), 2613-2625 (2014).
- Drozd, A. M., et al. Generation of human iPSC from cells of fibroblastic and epithelial origin by means of the oriP/EBNA-1 episomal reprogramming system. Stem Cell Res Ther. 6 (122), (2015).
- Moschidou, D., et al. Human mid-trimester amniotic fluid stem cells cultured under embryonic stem cell conditions with Valproic acid acquire pluripotent characteristics. Stem Cells Dev. 22 (3), 444-458 (2012).
- Moschidou, D., et al. Valproic Acid Confers Functional Pluripotency to Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells in a Transgene-free Approach. Mol Ther. 20 (10), 1953-1967 (2012).
- Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 126 (4), 663-676 (2006).
- Mikkelsen, T. S., et al. Dissecting direct reprogramming through integrative genomic analysis. Nature. 454 (7200), 49-55 (2008).
- Sridharan, R., et al. Role of the murine reprogramming factors in the induction of pluripotency. Cell. 136 (2), 364-377 (2009).
- Knight, S., Collins, M., Takeuchi, Y. Insertional mutagenesis by retroviral vectors: current concepts and methods of analysis. Curr Gene Ther. 13 (3), 211-227 (2013).
- Fraser, M. J., Ciszczon, T., Elick, T., Bauser, C. Precise excision of TTAA-specific lepidopteran transposons piggyBac (IFP2) and tagalong (TFP3) from the baculovirus genome in cell lines from two species of Lepidoptera. Insect Mol Biol. 5 (2), 141-151 (1996).
- Woltjen, K., Kim, S. I., Nagy, A. The PiggyBac Transposon as a Platform Technology for Somatic Cell Reprogramming Studies in Mouse. Methods Mol Biol. 1357, 1-22 (2015).
- Wu, S. C., et al. piggyBac is a flexible and highly active transposon as compared to sleeping beauty, Tol2, and Mos1 in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (41), 15008-15013 (2006).
- Ding, S., et al. Efficient transposition of the piggyBac (PB) transposon in mammalian cells and mice. Cell. 122 (3), 473-483 (2005).
- Wang, W., et al. Chromosomal transposition of PiggyBac in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (27), 9290-9295 (2008).
- Cadiñanos, J., Bradley, A. Generation of an inducible and optimized PiggyBac transposon system. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (12), e87 (2007).
- Bertin, E., et al. Reprogramming of mouse amniotic fluid cells using a PiggyBac transposon system. Stem Cell Research. 15 (3), 510-513 (2015).
- Woltjen, K., et al. piggyBac transposition reprograms fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature. 458 (7239), 766-770 (2009).
- Fusaki, N., et al. Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genome. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 85 (8), 348-362 (2009).
- Nishishita, N., et al. Generation of virus-free induced pluripotent stem cell clones on a synthetic matrix via a single cell subcloning in the naive state. PLoS One. 7 (9), e38389 (2012).
- Ono, M., et al. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human nasal epithelial cells using a Sendai virus vector. PLoS One. 7 (8), e42855 (2012).
- Yant, S. R., et al. High-resolution genome-wide mapping of transposon integration in mammals. Mol Cell Biol. 25 (6), 2085-2094 (2005).
- Wilson, M. H., Coates, C. J., George, A. L. PiggyBac transposon-mediated gene transfer in human cells. Mol Ther. 15 (1), 139-145 (2007).
- Galvan, D. L., et al. Genome-wide mapping of PiggyBac transposon integrations in primary human T cells. J Immunother. 32 (8), 837-844 (2009).
- Huang, X., et al. Gene transfer efficiency and genome-wide integration profiling of Sleeping Beauty, Tol2, and piggyBac transposons in human primary T cells. Mol Ther. 18 (10), 1803-1813 (2010).
- Meir, Y. J., et al. Genome-wide target profiling of PiggyBac and Tol2 in HEK 293: pros and cons for gene discovery and gene therapy. BMC Biotechnol. 11 (28), (2011).
- Moretti, A., et al. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem-cell models for long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 363 (15), 1397-1409 (2010).
- Filareto, A., et al. An ex vivo gene therapy approach to treat muscular dystrophy using inducible pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun. 4 (1549), (2013).
- Darabi, R., et al. Human ES- and iPS-derived myogenic progenitors restore DYSTROPHIN and improve contractility upon transplantation in dystrophic mice. Cell Stem Cell. 10 (5), 610-619 (2012).
