Summary

Patch-Clamp-Aufzeichnung von Starburst-Amakrinzellen in einer Wohnung Montage Herstellung von Deafferentated Maus Retina

Published: October 13, 2016
doi:

Summary

Dieses Protokoll zeigt, wie Whole-Cell-Patch-Clamp-Aufzeichnung auf die retinale Neuronen aus einem flachen-Mount-Vorbereitung durchzuführen.

Abstract

Die Netzhaut von Säugetieren ist ein geschichtetes Gewebe aus mehreren neuronalen Typen zusammen. Um zu verstehen, wie visuelle Signale in seinem komplizierten synaptische Netzwerk verarbeitet werden, werden häufig elektrophysiologischen Ableitungen zu studieren Verbindungen zwischen den einzelnen Neuronen verwendet. Wir haben optimiert, um eine Flachmontage Vorbereitung für die Patch-Clamp-Aufzeichnung von genetisch markierten Neuronen in sowohl GCL (Ganglion Zellschicht) und INL (innere Kernschicht) von Maus-Netzhäuten. Aufnahme INL Neuronen in Flat-Halterungen über Scheiben bevorzugt, weil sowohl vertikale als auch seitliche Anschlüsse in der früheren Konfiguration beibehalten werden, so dass der Netzhaut-Schaltungen mit großen seitlichen Komponenten untersucht werden. Wir haben dieses Verfahren verwendet Reaktionen von Spiegelneuronen partnered in Retinae wie die cholinerge Starburst-Amakrinzellen (SAC) zu vergleichen.

Introduction

As an easily accessible part of the central nervous system, the retina has for decades been a useful model in neuroscience studies. Genetic marking of neurons has allowed detailed characterization of synaptic connections in the retina. With many methodologies available to examine function and morphology of retinal neurons, the patch clamp recording technique has been instrumental in our current understanding of vertically transmitted signals in the retina. These signals are originated from photon absorption in photoreceptors and sent to brain visual centers through spiking of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Despite a large body of knowledge accumulated thus far, neural diversity in vascularized mammalian retina remains unsolved and obstructs the full appreciation of retinal circuits that subserve normal vision. This is in part because most recordings were performed on retinal slices to trade lateral circuit integrity for access to more proximal retinal neurons1-3. To gain a comprehensive picture on how retina computes visual signals, it is thus desirable to record neurons in flat-mounts wherein lateral connections, large and small, may be better preserved.

When synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to bipolar cells is interrupted due to a defective metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) signaling pathway in depolarizing bipolar cells4-6 or simply as the result of photoreceptor loss in degenerated retinas7-10, many RGCs exhibit oscillatory activities. These oscillations originate from multiple sources, however the one involving gap junction coupling between AII amacrine cells (AII-ACs) and depolarizing cone bipolar cells (DCBCs) has received the most attention and hence is best understood1,7,11. We have found another source, which persists under pharmacological blockade of the aforementioned AII-AC/DCBC network and drives oscillation of OFF-type SACs in RhoΔCTA and Nob mice with deafferentated retinas7,8,12. Here we detail our protocol of preparing retinal flat-mounts for INL neuron recording. This approach uses commercial mouse lines (Jax stock no. 006410 and 007905) to mark cholinergic retinal neurons by fluorescent protein (tdTomato) expression that is identifiable under a fluorescent microscope equipped with contrast enhancing optics. Some experimental results acquired through this approach have been previously reported4,5,7,13.

Protocol

Ethische Zustimmung – Verfahren unter Verwendung tierischer Probanden wurden in Übereinstimmung mit den Regeln und Vorschriften der National Institutes of Health Leitlinien für die Forschung Tieren durchgeführt, wie sie in der institutionellen Tierpflege und verwenden Ausschuss von Baylor College of Medicine zugelassen. 1. Externe und interne Lösungen Verwenden Sie Säugetier Ringer-Lösung während der Retina Dissektion und als externe Lösung in den nachfolgenden elektro Aufnahme. Bereiten Sie d…

Representative Results

Repräsentative Aufnahmen von On- und OFF-Typ FFH aus einer deafferentated Maus Netzhaut sind in Abbildung 1 dargestellt. Cholinergen Zellen sowohl in der GCL und INL zuverlässig durch tdTomato Fluoreszenz und gezielt für Ganzzell – Patch – Clamp – Aufzeichnung unter DIC (1A) identifiziert werden , offenbaren Schwingung ihrer Membranpotentialen (oben Spuren) und den synaptischen Ströme, die es (unten Spuren, 1B) fahren. Die inhibitori…

Discussion

Viele Labors haben von GCL – Neuronen in der aufgezeichneten Flachmontage Vorbereitung 15-18, aber unsere Verfahren von INL Neuronen ermöglichen die Aufnahme. Wir betonen hiermit mehrere Schritte, die für eine erfolgreiche Routine-Aufnahmen von entscheidender Bedeutung sind.

Die Frische und die Flachheit der Netzhaut sind wichtig für sie mit einer Aufnahme Pipette eindringen. In dieser Hinsicht ist die feste Anbringung der Netzhaut auf die gestanzten Nitrocellulosemembran ragen…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

We thank Joung Jang and Xin Guan for technical assistance. We thank Dr. Rory McQuiston of Virginia Commonwealth University for setting up our first patch clamp rig and advices on experimental procedures. We thank Dr. Samuel Wu for suggestions on voltage clamp recording. The work is supported by NIH grants EY013811, EY022228 and a vision core grant EY002520. C-KC is the Alice R. McPherson Retina Research Foundation Endowed Chair at the Baylor College of Medicine.

Materials

Fixed-stage fluorescent microscope with DIC Olympus BX51-WI
Micromanipulators Sutter MP-225
Patch clamp amplifier A-M System AM2400
AD converter National Instrument NI-USB-6221
Heater controller Warner Instrument TC-324B
Inline heater Warner Instrument SC-20
Peristaltic pump Rainin Dynamax
pipette puller Sutter Instrument P-1000
Glass tube with filament King Precision Glass Customized
Stimulator A.M.P.I. Master-8
Biocytin Sigma B4261
NaCl Sigma S6191
KCl Sigma P5405
NaHCO3 Fisher BP328-1
Na2HPO4 Sigma S0876
NaH2PO4 Sigma S5011
CaCl2 Sigma C5670
MgSO4 Sigma M1880
D-glucose Sigma G6152
K-gluconate Sigma G4500
ATP-Mg Sigma A9187
Li-GTP Sigma G5884
EGTA Sigma E0396
HEPES Sigma H4034
KOH Sigma P5958
Cs-methanesulfonate Sigma C1426
CsOH Sigma 232041
Syringer filter Nalgene 171
1 ml syring Rainin 17013002
10 ul pipette tip Genesee Scientific 24-130RL
Streptavidin-488 ThermoFisher S-11223
10X PBS Lonza 17-517Q

References

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Cite This Article
Tu, H., Hsu, C., Chen, Y., Chen, C. Patch Clamp Recording of Starburst Amacrine Cells in a Flat-mount Preparation of Deafferentated Mouse Retina. J. Vis. Exp. (116), e54608, doi:10.3791/54608 (2016).

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