方法来研究中性粒细胞脂质的改变和中性粒细胞胞外陷阱随后形成
1Department of Physiological Chemistry,University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 2Fish Disease Research Unit,University of Veterinary Medicine, 3Department of Clinical Sciences, Biomedical Center,Lund University, 4Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ),University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
Summary
脂质是已知在细胞功能中起重要作用。在这里，我们描述了一种方法，以确定嗜中性粒细胞的脂质组合物，重点对胆固醇水平，同时使用HPTLC和HPLC纯化，获得更好的理解嗜中性粒细胞的胞外圈闭形成的基本机制的。
Abstract
通过高效薄层层析（HPTLC）进行脂质分析是分析各种脂质的相对简单的，成本有效的方法。脂质（ 例如，在宿主-病原体相互作用或主机条目）的功能已被报道在细胞过程中起关键作用。在这里，我们示出了方法来确定脂质组合物，具有相比于高效液相色谱法（HPLC）的聚焦初级血液衍生的中性粒细胞的胆固醇水平，通过HPTLC。的目的是调查脂质/胆固醇改变的嗜中性粒细胞的胞外陷阱（母语）的形成中的作用。 NET版本被称为宿主防御机制，以防止病原体的宿主内蔓延。因此，血液来源的人中性粒细胞用甲基β环糊精（MβCD）处理以诱导脂质改变的细胞。使用HPTLC和HPLC，我们已经表明，MβCD处理的细胞导致脂质与小区中的胆固醇含量降低显著相关联的改造。与此同时，MβCD治疗嗜中性粒细胞的导致母语的形成，如通过免疫荧光显微术。总之，在这里我们提出一个具体的方法来研究在嗜中性粒细胞脂质改变和渔网的形成。
Introduction
脂质已经被证明在细胞稳态，细胞死亡，宿主-病原体相互作用，和细胞因子释放1〜发挥重要作用。随着时间的推移，利息和知识脂质在宿主 – 病原体相互作用或炎症的影响有所增加，一些出版物确认某些脂质的核心作用，尤其是类固醇胆固醇在细胞反应。他汀类药物，其通过阻断3-羟基-3-甲基 – 辅酶-A还原酶用作胆固醇生物合成的抑制剂的药理学治疗（HMG辅酶A还原酶），可以通过降低白细胞介素的血清水平充当抗炎剂6和C反应蛋白2。胆固醇和鞘糖脂富集结构可以通过几种病原体，如细菌和病毒一起使用，作为一个网关到主机3，4，5，类= “外部参照”> 6。鞘脂（ 例如，鞘磷脂）已经显示出由病原体被用来促进其致病性7。在巨噬细胞，分枝杆菌使用富含胆固醇的用于输入单元域;胆固醇的耗尽抑制分枝杆菌的摄取8。此外， 土拉弗朗西斯菌，负责兔热病人畜共患剂（也被称为兔热病）9，巨噬细胞的感染导致当胆固醇从膜10耗尽该被废除的感染。类似地，通过富含脂质的结构的宿主细胞大肠杆菌的侵袭被证明是胆固醇依赖性4。此外，上皮细胞的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染的实验表明，胆固醇是病原体进入细胞11是必不可少的。胆固醇消耗明显抑制ð沙门氏菌11的摄取。此外，最近的一项研究Gilk 等 。表明，胆固醇起着贝氏burnetti 12摄取了重要的作用。此外，TUONG 等 。发现，25-羟基胆固醇起着由脂多糖（LPS）在吞噬作用至关重要的作用刺激的巨噬细胞13。当巨噬细胞药理学上处理以消耗胆固醇14吞噬功能降低。因此，胆固醇和其他脂质似乎起到感染和炎症的重要作用，因为它们消耗可以从多种病原体10，11，12减少入侵的风险。
最近，我们能够证明脂质的改变，尤其是从细胞胆固醇消耗，诱导中性粒细胞产胞外的形成ř陷阱（母语）在人血液来源的嗜中性粒细胞15。由于网在2004年发现的，它们已被证明在细菌截留中发挥重要作用，从而阻碍在16感染，17的蔓延。母语由具有组蛋白，蛋白酶，和抗微生物肽16相关联的DNA主链的。的母语的嗜中性粒细胞的释放可通过入侵病原体18,19和化学物质如佛波醇肉豆蔻酸乙酸酯（PMA）或他汀类药物16，20进行诱导。然而，详细的细胞机制，尤其是在这个过程中脂类的作用，仍然是不完全清楚。脂质的分析可能会导致更好地了解参与多种细胞过程和相互作用，如教师的释放机制。 CholesteROL和鞘磷脂是细胞膜脂质微，在那里他们增加稳定性，并促进参与蛋白质运输和信号事件21蛋白的聚集的重要组成部分。调查某些脂质，两亲性的药理学试剂，如环状寡糖甲基β环糊精（MβCD）的机械作用，可用于改变细胞的脂质组成，并减少在体外 15胆固醇。这里，我们提出的方法使用HPTLC分析嗜中性粒细胞的脂质组合物响应于MβCD。采用高效液相色谱法确认胆固醇在嗜中性白细胞群体的水平。此外，我们描述可视化响应于MβCD教师的在人血液来源的嗜中性粒细胞免疫荧光显微镜的形成的方法。
Protocol
外周血中此协议的集合是经当地人类研究伦理委员会。所有的人类受试者提供书面知情同意书。 1.通过密度梯度离心分离人血液来源的中性粒细胞 人血源性中性粒细胞的分离 层〜20毫升的血液20上毫升附近的火焰和没有混合泛影钠/葡聚糖溶液。 离心机在470×g离心30分钟，不制动。 除去单核细胞和血浆淡黄色层。传送多形核细胞（PMN）?…
Representative Results
人血液来源的嗜中性粒细胞通过密度梯度离心（ 图2）中分离。为了研究嗜中性粒细胞上的脂质改变的效果，将细胞用10mMMβCD，其从细胞耗尽胆固醇处理。随后，将脂质从通过Bligh和Dyer的（ 图1，左图）的样品中分离，如通过Brogden 等人描述。 23。将制备的脂质样品加载到使用三溶液协议，它已被优化，以分离和可视…
Discussion
这里描述的方法可用于分析特定脂质，如胆固醇，通过HPTLC或HPLC，并调查药理脂质改变对教师的形成的影响（参见Neumann 等15）。
HPTLC是分析大量样品的宽范围的脂质的相对成本有效且简单的方法。该方法已在许多研究领域，包括抗生素量化25，在溶酶体贮积症26脂质贮积，和胆固醇和cholesterylglucoside水平的上皮细胞<…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
由Akademie的献给Tiergesundheit（AFT）和博士课程，奖学金的奖学金“动物和人畜共患病，”兽医，德国汉诺威大学，提供给阿恩·纳曼的这项工作得到了支持。
Materials
| Neutrophil isolation, NET staining and quantification | |||
| Alexa Flour 633 goat anti-rabbit IgG | Invitrogen | A-21070 | |
| Anti-MPOα antibody | Dako | A0398 | |
| BSA | Sigma-Aldrich | 3912-100G | |
| Marienfeld-Neubauer improved counting chamber | Celeromics | MF-0640010 | |
| Confocal microscope TCS SP5 AOBS with tandem scanner | Leica | DMI6000CS | |
| Dulbecco´s PBS 10X | Sigma-Aldrich | P5493-1L | Dilute 1:10 in water for 1X working solution |
| Dy Light 488 conjugated highly cross-absorbed | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 35503 | |
| Excel | Microsoft | 2010 | |
| DNA/Histone 1 antibody | Millipore | MAB3864 | |
| Image J | NIH | 1.8 | http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/ |
| Light microscope | VWR | 630-1554 | |
| Methyl-β-cyclodextrin | Sigma-Aldrich | C4555-1G | |
| PFA | Carl Roth | 0335.3 | dissolve in water, heat up to 65 °C and add 1N NaOH to clear solution |
| PMA | Sigma-Aldrich | P8139-1MG | Stock 16 µM, dissolved in 1X PBS |
| Poly-L-lysine | Sigma-Aldrich | P4707 | |
| Polymorphprep | AXIS-SHIELD | AN1114683 | |
| ProLong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI | Invitrogen | P7481 | |
| Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Reagent | Invitrogen | P7581 | |
| RPMI1640 | PAA | E 15-848 | |
| HBSS with CaCl and Mg | Sigma | H6648 | |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma-Aldrich | T8787-50ml | |
| Trypanblue | Invitrogen | 15250-061 | 0.4% solution |
| Water | Carl Roth | 3255.1 | endotoxin-free |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Lipid isolation and analysis | |||
| 1-propanol | Sigma-Aldrich | 33538 | |
| 10 µl syringe | Hamilton | 701 NR 10 µl | |
| Diethyl ether | Sigma-Aldrich | 346136 | |
| Ethyl acetate | Carl Roth | 7336.2 | |
| Canullla 26G | Braun | 4657683 | |
| Copper(II)sulphatepentahydrate | Merck | 1027805000 | |
| Chloroform | Carl Roth | 7331.1 | |
| CP ATLAS software | Lazarsoftware | 2.0 | |
| Chromolith HighResolution RP-18 endcapped 100-4.6 mm column | Merck | 152022 | |
| High Performance Liquid Chromatograph Chromaster | Hitachi | HITA 892-0080-30Y | Paramaters are dependent on individual HPLC machine |
| HPLC UV Detector | Hitachi | 5410 | |
| HPLC Column Oven | Hitachi | 5310 | |
| HPLC Auto Sampler | Hitachi | 5260 | |
| HPLC Pump | Hitachi | 5160 | |
| Methanol | Carl Roth | 7342.1 | |
| n-Hexane | Carl Roth | 7339.1 | |
| Phosphoric acid | Sigma-Aldrich | 30417 | |
| Potassium chloride | Merck | 49,361,000 | |
| Potters | LAT Garbsen | 5 ml | |
| SDS | Carl Roth | CN30.3 | |
| HPTLC silica gel 60 | Merck | 105553 | |
| Vacufuge plus basic device | Eppendorf | 22820001 | |
| Corning Costar cell culture 48-well plate, flat bottom | Sigma | CLS3548 | |
| Coverslip | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 1198882 | |
| Glass slide | Carl Roth | 1879 | |
| BD Tuberculin Syringe Only 1 ml | BD Bioscience | 309659 |
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Cite This Article
Brogden, G., Neumann, A., Husein, D. M., Reuner, F., Naim, H. Y., von Köckritz-Blickwede, M. Methods to Study Lipid Alterations in Neutrophils and the Subsequent Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. J. Vis. Exp. (121), e54667, doi:10.3791/54667 (2017).