分流手术，右心导管，血管形态计量学在大鼠模型中的流量引起的肺动脉高压
Summary
This protocol describes a surgical procedure to create a model for flow-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in rats and the procedures to analyze the principle hemodynamic and histological end-points in this model.
Abstract
In this protocol, PAH is induced by combining a 60 mg/kg monocrotalin (MCT) injection with increased pulmonary blood flow through an aorto-caval shunt (MCT+Flow). The shunt is created by inserting an 18-G needle from the abdominal aorta into the adjacent caval vein. Increased pulmonary flow has been demonstrated as an essential trigger for a severe form of PAH with distinct phases of disease progression, characterized by early medial hypertrophy followed by neointimal lesions and the progressive occlusion of the small pulmonary vessels. To measure the right heart and pulmonary hemodynamics in this model, right heart catheterization is performed by inserting a rigid cannula containing a flexible ball-tip catheter via the right jugular vein into the right ventricle. The catheter is then advanced into the main and the more distal pulmonary arteries. The histopathology of the pulmonary vasculature is assessed qualitatively, by scoring the pre- and intra-acinar vessels on the degree of muscularization and the presence of a neointima, and quantitatively, by measuring the wall thickness, the wall-lumen ratios, and the occlusion score.
Introduction
该方法的目标是创造在大鼠为严重，流动引起的肺动脉高压可再现模型，并测量它的原理的血液动力学和组织病理学终点。
肺动脉高压（PAH）是一种临床综合征，它包括肺血管阻力逐步增加，导致右心室衰竭而死亡。内肺动脉高血压疾病（PH）的上级疾病谱，多环芳烃是最严重的形式，另一种仍然没有治愈1。在PAH的根本动脉的特点是血管重塑的一种典型形式，闭塞血管腔。正常的非肌型容器和内侧容器层的肥大的肌被视为在PAH早期疾病的现象，也见于其他形式的PH 2，并且被认为是可逆3。作为一个PAHdvances，内膜层开始改造，最终形成特征性病变内膜2。内膜型肺血管重构是独家PAH，目前认为是不可逆的4。
由于PAH是一种罕见的疾病，在推进其病理学的理解和新疗法的发展严重依赖动物模型。大鼠monocrotalin（MCT）模型是一个简单的单击模式，已经，并且现在仍然是经常使用的。 MCT是导致伤到肺小动脉和地区炎症5毒素。 60毫克/千克的MCT导致增加的平均肺动脉压（mPAP），肺血管阻力（PVR），以及3后右心室肥大（RVH） – 4周5。该组织形态学无内膜病变5的特点是隔离膜肥厚。该MCT从而大鼠模型表示的PH适度的形式，而不是PAH，虽然它通常呈现为后者。
在与先天性左向右分流（PAH-CHD）相关的PAH的孩子，肺血流增加被认为是内膜病变的7，8，9发展的重要触发。在大鼠中，肺血流增加可由创作腹主动脉和腔静脉，在1990年10首先描述的技术之间的分流来诱导。替代创造增加肺血流量是单侧肺或锁骨下肺动脉吻合术11。这些模型的概念缺点包括由肺，或由于肺血管的医源性损伤致残留肺和自适应通路激活潜在补涨肺动脉吻合术，既混淆增加肺血流量的影响。
当创建主动脉腔静脉分流和肺血流增加是诱发作为第二砸在MCT处理的大鼠，发生特点内膜病变，和多环芳烃是一种严重的和相关的右心室衰竭（RVF）制定3周上升后流程12。 PAH的此模型中的血液动力学级数可以在体内通过超声心动图和右心脏导管插入术进行评估。血管组织形态学，血管壁的厚度，小动脉闭塞程度和参数右心室衰竭形成PAH的体外表征的支柱。
这种方法描述了主动脉腔静脉分流术（AC-分流）详细的手术方案，对心脏导管检查和血管组织形态学定性和定量评估。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
该方法描述了一种主动脉腔静脉分流的大鼠MCT创建流动引起的肺动脉高压和技术来评估原则血液动力学和表征的PAH和该模型的组织病理学终点预处理的外科手术。
该议定书和故障排除中关键步骤
手术和手术后。在主动脉 – 静脉分流手术，最关键的步骤是主动脉和腔静脉的剥离。括住主动脉和腔静脉应足够解剖膜创造1）的主动脉区域，其中，所述针将被插入…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative, the Dutch Heart Foundation, the Dutch Federation of University Medical Centers, the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (CVON nr. 2012-08, PHAEDRA, The Sebald fund, Stichting Hartekind).
Materials
|
Shunt Surgery |
|||
| Sterile surgical gloves | |||
| Duratears Eye ointment | Alcon | 10380 | |
| Chloride-Hexidine | |||
| Cotton swabs | |||
| Histoacryllic tissue glue | B. Braun Medical | 1050052 | |
| Silkam 5-0 sutures black non-resorbable | B. Braun Medical | F1134027 | |
| Safil 4-0 sutures violet resorbable | B. Braun Medical | ||
| 18 G needle | Luer | NN1838R BD | tip bent in 45 degrees orifice to the outside |
| Gauzes 10×10 cm | Paul Hartmann | 407825 | |
| Temgesic Buprenorphine | RB Pharmaceuticals | 5429 | subcutaneous injection |
| Sodium Chloride 0.9 % | |||
| Ventilation mask Rat | |||
| Scalple blade | |||
| Biemer clamp 18 mm, 5 mm opening | AgnTho | 64-562 | |
| Heat mat | |||
| Kocher Clamp | |||
| Shaving machine | |||
| Microscope | Leica | ||
|
Right Heart Catheterization |
|||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Sterile surgical gloves | |||
| Eye ointment | Duratears | ||
| Chloride-Hexidine | |||
| Cotton swabs | |||
| Gauzes 10×10 cm | Paul Hartmann | 407825 | |
| Silkam 5-0 sutures black non-resorbable | B. Braun Medical | F1134027 | |
| Needle 20 G | Luer | Tip slightly bent to the inside | |
| Cannula 20 G | Luer | to introduce catheter, tip pre-formed in 20 degrees | |
| Silastic Catheter 15 cm long | 0.5 mm ball 2 mm from tip | ||
| Pressure transducer | Ailtech | ||
| Bedside monitor Cardiocap/5 | Datex-Ohmeda | ||
| Shaving machine | |||
| 10mL Syringe | |||
| Sodium Chloride 0.9 % | for flushing | ||
|
Vascular Morphology |
|||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| 50ml Syringe | |||
| 4 % Formaldehyde | |||
| 18 G cannula with tube | |||
| Verhoef staining kit | Sigma-Aldrich | HT254 | http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/ht254?lang=en®ion=US |
| Digital slide scanner | Hamamatsu | C9600 | |
| Image-J | |||
| Elastic (Connective Tissue Stain) | Abcam | ab150667 | http://www.abcam.com/elastic-connective-tissue-stain-ab150667.html |
| http://www.abcam.com/ps/products/150/ab150667/documents/ab150667-Elastic%20Stain%20Kit%20(website).pdf |
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