情绪调节策略的童年有效性的心理生理评估
Summary
对于实验范式的详细协议，以评估与儿童情绪调节描述的有效性。儿童随机分配到使用特定的情绪调节策略，负面的情绪被激发与电影剪辑，并改变在后续心理生理学索引到情绪调节是有效的程度。
Abstract
Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children’s skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children’s unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.
Introduction
儿童体验到悲伤的负面情绪，每天惧怕。随着他们的发展和成熟，孩子学习的监管策略，允许他们管理范围广泛的压力和挑战，以适应这个世界。他们的情绪调节剧目扩大，从主要行为策略成分的变化，包括更多的认知策略1。由中间童年的结束，孩子们使用认知和行为策略2调节自己的情绪。了解不必要的负面情绪有效的管制和管理，近年来已经越来越有趣发育的科学家。这种兴趣驱动，部分由科研连接情绪调节过程，以儿童的日常生活（ 如学习成绩3，友谊主机具有造成严重后果的社会，情感和认知成果<sup系列=“外部参照”> 4，和精神病理学5）。
这里介绍的方法主要针对已经收到的实证关注的大部分份额至今两种认知情绪调节策略：重新评价和分心。已经与成人所做的研究表明，再评价和分心是用于减轻情感6，7，8，9，10，11的有效方法。颜师古，其中涉及更改或重新规划怎么一解释情绪或问题，已被证明是有效地减少负面情绪的学龄儿童12强，13。分心，相反，包括改变什么人正在考虑，比如当一个关于儿童接收VAccine认为代替冰淇淋，他们将与他们的父母日后欣赏。儿童也可以开始使用这些认知策略有效地调节负面情绪，从年仅5 – 6年14岁。
研究情绪调节的理论与实践的挑战
情绪反应和监管过程交织在一起，双向和迭代15，16。因此，科学家们发展的一个关键概念的挑战是确定并聘请了情感响应和监管流程之间有意义的区分方法。这里所描述的方法利用情绪作为调节 （相对于情绪作为调节 ）的视图15。情绪调节被定义为在该改变的强度的方式改变一个有经验的情感17的过程，持续时间和/或情感18的化合价。
尽管有前途的行为证据，像分心，重新评估认知情绪调节策略，减少负面情绪14，有其突出的自我报告或限制可从现有的实证研究得出，尤其是青少年儿童的结论观测方法的许多局限性。例如，情感体验自我报告受到不精确和需求特征。尽管行为观察（ 如面部表情）指数的情感反应表面上是比自我报告更客观，观察仍然受到掩盖或隐藏困扰或消极情绪的真实体验自动和明确的监管过程。为了解决这些概念和方法问题，本文介绍了考察情绪调节S的影响的方法对儿童的心理生理学后续的trategies使得研究人员能够更清楚地反应性和消极情绪的主动调控区分。用于引发负面情绪和评估不同的指示情绪调节策略的后果，这个实验范式提供了可与各种年龄段，青少年，成人或的儿童使用的方法。
心理生理学是情绪调节的一种非侵入性指标
呼吸性窦性心律不齐（RSA）是副交感神经心脏生理心理学的一个常用指标，并已成为儿童情绪能力监管19,20的关键相关。 RSA是从心脏速率变化的测量结果导出的呼吸周期21，22内（由迷走神经传出纤维控制） 。高基线RSA表示较好的调节情绪和社会情绪能力21，而较低的基准RSA被链接到消极社会情绪的结果23。基线RSA反映系统的监管能力，从基线水平的挑战（RSA反应性）实现更高的交感神经的影响力和资源调动的条件下应对压力，而改变RSA。这个过程反映了从稳态诉求的持续关注，行为自律便利客场转变，应对策略来控制情感或行为觉醒20,26的产生。 RSA反应具有挑战性的任务，实验室用更好的情绪调节能力和一般的适应能力有关，包括少负情绪和风险行为问题和更好的持续关注21，屁股=“外部参照”> 23，24，25，26，27。 RSA反应性的挑战可谓增加（增强RSA）或降低（RSA抑制）副交感神经的影响。与在心脏副交感神经的影响整个环境监管的灵活性，被认为是背后适应性情绪调节。
事实上，一系列富有挑战性的任务期间的变化在儿童的RSA幅度预测自己的情绪调节技能28。 RSA响应在感情上具有挑战性的环境中也是如此。例如，RSA抑制（从基线水平下降到任务级）是与经历的恐惧和悲伤，但增强（增加从基线到任务）是与情绪的有效监管时，悲伤和恐惧是通过电影剪辑29诱发， </SUP> 30。已经对这种非侵入性的方法， 在体内的情绪调节过程评估工具大写以前的工作已经证明儿童使用的具体认知情绪调节策略如何预测RSA反应性，同时他们在看情绪，引发视频31。本文描述了使用带有积极情绪调节指数的监管能力有关的生理模式，提供了一个创新的方法来解析负面情绪的经验和规范了一种新的实验范式。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
该议定书中的关键步骤
有效地引发负性情绪和指导孩子使用特定的情绪调节策略是协议中的关键步骤。
修改和故障排除
影片剪辑必须选择（和试点测试）是年龄适当考虑到年龄问题，以确保他们唤起指定的年龄范围的利益目标的情感。研究人员还应该注意，以确保孩子了解情绪调节指令。提供监管指令后，研究人员应该问孩子如果他们开…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We thank the children and families who have participated in our studies and the research assistants of the Emotion Regulation Lab for their assistance with data collection and coding.
Materials
| MindWare BioNex 2SLT Chassis Assembly | Mindware Technologies | 50-3711-02 | Hardware to acquire cardiac physiology |
| Mindware Ambulatory Impedance Cardiograph. | Mindware Technologies | 50-1000-RB | Mobile acquisition device |
| MindWare Disposable Pediatric Tape Electrodes | Mindware Technologies | 93-0101-00 | EKG electrodes for children |
| MindWare HR/HRV Application w/Key | Mindware Technologies | 60-1100-00 | Scoring software to process EKG |
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