Dissection et culture du rein embryonnaire de la souris
Summary
Ce protocole décrit une méthode pour isoler et cultiver des rudiments métasphoriques à partir d'embryons de souris.
Abstract
Le but de ce protocole est de décrire une méthode de dissection, d'isolement et de culture des rudiments métanéphriques de souris.
Au cours du développement du rein des mammifères, les deux tissus progéniteurs, le bourgeon urétéral et le mésenchyme métasphorique, communiquent et induisent réciproquement des mécanismes cellulaires pour former éventuellement le système collecteur et les néphrons du rein. Au fur et à mesure que les embryons de mammifères se développent par voie intra-utérine et qui sont inaccessibles à l'observateur, une culture d'organe a été développée. Avec cette méthode, il est possible d'étudier les interactions épithéliales-mésenchymateuses et le comportement cellulaire pendant l'organogenèse rénale. En outre, l'origine des malformations rénales congénitales et des voies urogénitales peut être étudiée. Après une dissection minutieuse, les rudiments métanéphriques sont transférés sur un filtre qui flotte sur un milieu de culture et peuvent être conservés dans un incubateur de culture cellulaire pendant plusieurs jours. Cependant, il faut savoir que les conditions sontArtificielle et pourrait influencer le métabolisme dans le tissu. En outre, la pénétration des substances d'essai pourrait être limitée en raison de la matrice extracellulaire et de la membrane basale présents dans l'explant.
Un des principaux avantages de la culture des organes est que l'expérimentateur peut avoir un accès direct à l'organe. Cette technologie est peu coûteuse, simple et permet un grand nombre de modifications, telles que l'ajout de substances biologiquement actives, l'étude des variantes génétiques et l'application de techniques avancées d'imagerie.
Introduction
The mammalian kidney is derived from two primordial structures with mesodermal origin: the tubular epithelial ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme. During nephrogenesis, the ureteric bud invades the metanephric mesenchyme and branches to form the collecting system. The metanephric mesenchyme gives rise to the epithelial elements of the nephrons. These processes occur in a precisely timed and spatially coordinated manner and are initiated by reciprocal inductive mechanisms. Both tissue components communicate and affect the other’s cell morphogenesis.
In the 1920s, it was Boyden who performed the in vivo obstruction of the mesonephric duct in chicken, providing the first indication of inductive interactions as separated nephric blastema fail to differentiate1. At about the same time, the first successful attempts to culture chicken nephric rudiments in a hanging drop were published. Subsequently, the organ culture was developed to study tissue interactions in mammalian organogenesis. In the 1950s, Grobstein developed a technique in which metanephric rudiments could be cultured on a filter. This technique was modified by Saxén, who placed the filter on a Trowell-type screen in a culture dish1. Over the years, many modifications and applications for organ culture have emerged. The method described here is based on Saxén’s technique but is simplified, as the filters float free on the medium and the diameter of the culture well only slightly exceeds the diameter of the filter, limiting unwanted movement of the filter.
Whole-organ culture is a classical, cheap, and simple but powerful tool to investigate cellular processes and intercellular communication during organogenesis. Organ culture allows for treatment with biological agents, such as growth factors, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, viruses, and peptides, as well as with pharmaceutical compounds and other chemicals. Also, gene function may be studied using explants derived from genetically modified mice or using inducible gene inactivation technology, such as the Cre-loxP system. This allows for the study of genetic mutations that cause embryonic lethality prior to the development of the kidney. Organ culture can also be combined with fluorescent tagging for gene function or lineage tracing and modern imaging techniques, which enable real-time monitoring of cell behavior2.
In the specific example provided here, the effect of EphrinB2-activated Eph-receptor signaling on the branching morphology of the ureteric bud was investigated. The morphology of the EphA4/EphB2 double-knockout mice suggested several severe defects in kidney development, which were detectable as early as embryonic day 11 (E11) and involved the ureteric bud, the ureter, and the common nephric duct3. Signaling via Eph receptors requires the clustering of the ligand-receptor dimer4. To over-activate Eph signaling, the kidney rudiments from E11.5 mouse embryos were cultured in the presence of clustered recombinant EphrinB2-Fc. EphrinB2 is a known ligand for the EphA4 receptor, which is expressed in the ureteric bud tips3.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Ce manuscrit décrit une méthode pour isoler l'anlagen méthanephrique en développement de l'embryon de souris et pour cultiver les rudiments d'organes. Cette méthode est une technique standard, développée par Grobstein 8 et Saxén 9 , 10 , et a été adaptée et modifiée par beaucoup d'autres 11 , 12 . Le succès de la méthode dépend principalement de la d…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Les auteurs remercient Leif Oxburgh et Derek Adams de partager généreusement leurs connaissances, Leif Oxburgh pour les commentaires utiles sur le manuscrit, et Stefan Wölfl et Ulrike Müller pour leur soutien technique et Saskia Schmitteckert, Julia Gobbert, Sascha Weyer et Viola Mayer pour l'aide dans le laboratoire. Ce travail a été soutenu par Development, The Company of Biologists (to CP).
Materials
| DMEM/F-12 | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 21331020 | |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15140148 | |
| GlutaMAX Supplement | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 35050061 | |
| DPBS, calcium, magnesium | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 14040117 | use for dissection |
| holo-Transferrin human | Sigma-Aldrich | T0665 | |
| Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS -G) (100X) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 41400045 | |
| Paraformaldehyde | Sigma-Aldrich | 158127 | |
| Amphotericin B solution | Sigma-Aldrich | A2942 | |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma-Aldrich | X100 | |
| Sodium azide | Sigma-Aldrich | S8032 | |
| Thimerosal | Sigma-Aldrich | T5125 | |
| Propyl gallate | Sigma-Aldrich | 2370 | |
| Mowiol 4-88 | Sigma-Aldrich | 81381 | |
| Glycerol | Sigma-Aldrich | G5516 | |
| Biotinylated Dolichorus Biflorus Agglutinin | Vector Laboratories | B-1035 | |
| Alexa488 conjugated Streptavidin | Jackson Immuno Research | 016-540-084 | |
| Recombinant Mouse Ephrin-B2 Fc Chimera Protein, CF | R&D Systems | 496-EB | |
| Recombinant Human IgG1 Fc, CF | R&D Systems | 110-HG-100 | |
| Goat Anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody | R&D Systems | G-102-C | |
| Phosphate buffered saline tablets | Sigma-Aldrich | P4417 | use for fixation and immunostaining |
| Dumont #5, biologie tips, INOX, 11cm |
agnthos.se | 0208-5-PS | 2 pairs of forceps are needed |
| Iris scissors, straight, 12cm | agnthos.se | 03-320-120 | |
| Dressing Forceps, straight, delicate, 13cm |
agnthos.se | 08-032-130 | |
| Petri dishes Nunclo Delta treated | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 150679 | |
| TMTP01300 Isopore Membrane Filter, polycarbonate, Hydrophilic, 5.0 µm, 13 mm, white, plain | MerckMillipore | TMTP01300 | |
| Nunclon Multidishes 4 wells, flat bottom |
Sigma-Aldrich | D6789-1CS | |
| Microscope cover glass24x50mm thickn. No.1.5H 0.17+/-0.005mm | nordicbiolabs | 107222 | |
| Cover glasses No.1.5, 18x18mm | nordicbiolabs | 102032 | |
| Slides ~76x26x1, 1/2-w. ground plain | nordicbiolabs | 1030418 | |
| VWR Razor Blades | VWR | 55411-055 | |
| 50 mL centrifuge tubes | Sigma-Aldrich | CLS430828 | |
| 15 mL centrifuge tubes | Sigma-Aldrich | CLS430055 | |
| Whatman prepleated qualitative filter paper, Grade 113V, creped | Sigma-Aldrich | WHA1213125 | |
| Fixed stage research mircoscope | Olympus | BX61WI | |
| Black 6 inbred mice, male, C57BL/6NTac | Taconic | B6-M | |
| Black 6 inbred mice,female, C57BL/6NTac | Taconic | B6-F | |
| Greenough Stereo Microscope | Leica | Leica S6 E |
References
- Saxén, L. . Organogenesis of the kidney. Developmental and Cell Biology Series. 19, (1987).
- Lindström, N. O., et al. Integrated β-catenin, BMP, PTEN, and Notch signalling patterns the nephron. eLife. 4, e04000 (2015).
- Peuckert, C., et al. Multimodal Eph/Ephrin signaling controls several phases of urogenital development. Kidney Int. 90 (2), 373-388 (2016).
- Pasquale, E. B. Eph receptor signalling casts a wide net on cell behaviour. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 6 (6), 462-475 (2005).
- Bonanomi, D., et al. Ret Is a Multifunctional Coreceptor that Integrates Diffusible- and Contact-Axon Guidance Signals. Cell. 148 (2), 568-582 (2012).
- Brown, A. C., et al. Isolation and Culture of Cells from the Nephrogenic Zone of the Embryonic Mouse Kidney. J Vis Exp. (50), e2555 (2011).
- Grobstein, C. Inductive interaction in the development of the mouse metanephros. J Exp Zool. 130, 319-340 (1955).
- Saxén, L., Toivonen, S. . Primary Embryonic Induction. , (1962).
- Saxén, L., Koskimies, O., Lahti, A., Miettinen, H., Rapola, J., Wartiovaara, J. Differentiation of kidney mesenchyme in an experimental model system. Adv Morphog. 7, 251-293 (1968).
- Dudley, A. T., Godin, R. E., Robertson, E. J. Interaction between FGF and BMP signaling pathways regulates development of metanephric mesenchyme. Genes Dev. 13, 1601-1613 (1999).
- Perälä, N., et al. Sema4C-Plexin B2 signalling modulates ureteric branching in developing kidney. Differentiation. 81 (2), 81-91 (2011).
- Thesleff, I., Ekblom, P. Role of transferrin in branching morphogenesis, growth and differentiation of the embryonic kidney. J Embryol exp Morph. 82, 147-161 (1984).
- Watanabe, T., Costantini, F. Real-time analysis of ureteric bud branching morphogenesis. Dev Biol. 271, 98-108 (2004).
- Sebinger, D. D. R., Unbekandt, M., Ganeva, V. V., Ofenbauer, A., Werner, C., Davies, J. A. A Novel, Low-Volume Method for Organ Culture of Embryonic Kidneys That Allows Development of Cortico-Medullary Anatomical Organization. PLoS One. 5 (5), e10550 (2010).
- Ekblom, P., Miettinen, A., Virtanen, I., Wahlström, T., Dawnay, A., Saxén, L. In vitro segregation of the metanephric nephron. Dev Biol. 84 (1), 88-95 (1981).
- Davies, J. A., Unbekandt, M. siRNA-mediated RNA interference in embryonic kidney organ culture. Methods Mol Biol. 886, 295-303 (2012).
- Saxén, L., Lehtonen, E. Embryonic kidney in organ culture. Differentiation. 36 (1), 2-11 (1987).
- Bard, J. B. L. The development of the mouse kidney embryogenesis writ small. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2, 589-595 (1992).
- Davies, J. A. A method for cold storage and transport of viable embryonic kidney rudiments. Kidney Int. 70 (11), 2031-2034 (2006).
- Batourina, E., et al. Distal ureter morphogenesis depends on epithelial cell remodeling mediated by vitamin A and Ret. Nat Genet. 32 (1), 109-115 (2002).
