监测常见燕鸥繁殖菌落的视频监控系统 (燕鸥家燕)
Summary
本文介绍了一种利用远程视频监控监控系统对地面嵌套水鸟繁殖菌落进行连续监测的协议。该系统包括五台监控单个巢的摄像头, 一个摄像头监视整个蜂群, 并由通过太阳能电池板充电的汽车电池供电。
Abstract
在上个世纪, 许多水鸟人口面临下降, 其中包括共同的燕鸥 (燕鸥家燕), 一种具有广泛繁殖分布的水鸟物种, 最近在其范围的某些生境中被列为濒临绝种。水鸟监测程序存在跟踪人口的时间;然而, 一些较为密集的方法需要进入殖民地, 并可能对嵌套种群造成破坏。本文介绍了一种利用微创监测系统连续监测典型地嵌套群落中常见的燕窝行为的协议。视频监控系统利用无线摄像头专注于单个巢, 以及整个殖民地, 并允许观察而不进入殖民地。视频系统的动力与 12 V 汽车电池, 不断充电使用太阳能电池板。视频记录使用数字录像机 (DVR) 连接到硬盘驱动器, 可以更换时, 充分。DVR 可能被放在蚁群之外以减少干扰。在这项研究中, 3624 小时的录像记录超过63天的天气条件, 从12.8 °c 到35.0 °c 产生 3006 h (83%) 的可用行为数据。从录制的视频中检索到的数据类型可能会有所不同;我们用它来检测外部扰动, 并测量孵化过程中的嵌套行为。虽然此处详述的协议是为地面嵌套水鸟设计的, 但可以很容易地修改主系统, 以适应其他方案, 如殖民树栖巢种, 使之广泛适用于各种研究需要。
Introduction
共同的燕鸥 (燕鸥家燕, 以后的科特迪瓦), 一个水鸟物种广泛繁殖分布, 已成为一个旗舰的例子, 需要保护和监测计划1。在女帽贸易摘除附近, 联邦立法在1900s 使人口反弹。然而, 切萨皮克湾的人口趋势下降, 除了许多其他水鸟2, 也引起了对科特迪瓦的更多关注。目前, 由于养殖数量的减少和活跃繁殖菌落3, 科特迪瓦被列为马里兰州濒危物种。压力包括繁殖场所的洪水和承受力4,5,6, 人为干扰, 竞争/捕食与海鸥7,8, 和捕食大角猫头鹰 (特斯·布波鹑)和红狐 (狐狸狐狸)9,10, 被认为是导致目前的人口下降;然而, 个别压力源的相对贡献是未知的。了解与繁殖周期的不同阶段相关的压力源, 如孵化、后孵化和雏鹰成功是重要的, 但可以是密集的, 包括需要进入巢群11的频繁调查。这种监测技术可能对燕鸥种群造成破坏性, 在某些情况下可能导致巢弃和/或减少生殖成功12、13、14。
虽然研究人员对共同燕鸥的影响有很好的记录, 但密集的监测可能会影响到一些额外的地面嵌套殖民物种, 如短尾 shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris)15, 共同 eiders (Somateria 板栗)16, 黑色漏勺 (Rynchops 尼日尔)17, 峡湾冠企鹅 (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus)18。例如, 对短尾 shearwaters 的研究发现, 监测强度与孵化成功率呈反比关系, 并会加剧种群的下降。这些例子说明了在保持全面监测程序的同时减少干扰的需求越来越大。在本文所概述的视频系统中, 我们的目的是获取关于巢的注意和观察捕食者的信息, 这种方式将减少人类在殖民地内的身体存在。
我们的研究位于 38°46′01″N (76°22′54″W, 此后杨树岛) 的保罗 s 萨班斯生态修复项目, 在马里兰州的几个已知的筑巢地点之一。杨树岛正在进行的监测项目确定了由科特迪瓦统一筑巢, 尽管由于鸟类或哺乳类捕食者19、20的存在, 其成功程度有变。由于这些因素, 白杨岛被认定为进行这项研究的理想地点。
虽然通过视频技术监测水鸟人口的能力对观察21、22的物种有明显的好处, 但在实施这种方法时必须考虑到若干技术考虑因素。例如, 视频分辨率必须足以识别研究人员感兴趣的项目, 如食物项、巢标记或彩色腿部带, 以供个人识别。此外, 物理组件必须足够耐用, 以抵御天气事件和野生动物的相互作用。无线安全摄像头的选择由于其高清晰度图片质量, 彩色显示与无线和红外线功能, 户外耐久性, 和整体成本效益23。
本研究的目的是设计一个视频监控系统, 以便对地面嵌套的殖民物种进行远程观察, 同时对这些人和殖民地造成最小的干扰。本文概述了用于采集数据的特定视频系统。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
监测水鸟可能是破坏性的, 调查人员的干扰, 而监测水鸟已与巢遗弃和减少在生殖成功12,13,14。这里提出的协议提供了一种微创监测方法, 允许研究人员建立和记录地面嵌套水鸟的嵌套行为, 通过连续的视频镜头。
因为这种方法是微创的, 它需要大量的初始劳动, 以确保系统在没有研究人员在场的情况下运行?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
本手稿中报告的所有数据都是按照帕塔克森特野生动物研究中心动物保育和使用委员会批准的议定书收集的。该项目由马里兰自然资源部提供资金, 并得到美国地质调查局生态系统任务区的支持。 视频制作由切萨皮克湾信托和帕塔克森特的朋友资助。我们要感谢美国陆军工兵, 马里兰环境服务部, 马里兰交通部马里兰州港口管理局提供一般后勤支持, 并允许现场视频拍摄。我们要感谢马里兰大学的比尔鲍尔曼博士和丹尼尔格朗纳博士对系统设计和实施的投入。我们还要感谢比尔. 舒尔茨、凯特林 Reintsma 和凯蒂德福斯在2017夏季的故障排除和现场设置方面的帮助。最后, 我们将感谢迈克尔焕发 (内部审查) 和匿名审阅者为他们的输入。在本出版物中使用贸易、产品或商号名称仅供说明用途, 并不意味着美国政府认可。
Materials
| Morningstar SS-20L-12V (2) | Morningstar Corporation | 3680192 | Charge controller |
| Renogy 100 W 12V Panel (4) | Renogy | RNG-100D | Solar panel |
| LOREX LW3211 (6) | Lorex | LW3211-2PK | Wireless camera with receivers |
| Sawhorse (4) | HDX | SH106 | |
| LOREX DV7082 | Lorex | DV7082W | 8ch 1080p HD DVR; Comes with computer mouse |
| 12V dry cell Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) car batteries (6) | Optima | DS46B24R | |
| TCT LCD color monitor | Kuman | X0013XAI51 | Mini display monitor |
| 22 in. display monitor | Dell | S2218H | For office |
| 18 gallon plastic bin (2) | Sterilite | 1446 | Plastic container |
| Black copper insulated 10 AWG wire | Southwire | 22973257 | Black electrical wire |
| Red copper insulated 10 AWG wire | Southwire | 37113803 | Red electrical wire |
| 3/8 in. ring terminals | Autocraft | 85417 | |
| 5/16 in. ring terminals | AutoCraft | 85445 | |
| Winged wire connectors (red) | Commercial Electric | 775304 | Connector is large enough to accommodate 3 10AWG wires inside |
| 12V male DC adapter (2) | Avue | 162537 | |
| Male DC 2.1 x 5.5 mm power plugs for CCTV (4) | WinBook | 231001 | |
| Four port DC power splitters, 1 female to 4 | ClearView | PWRSPIDER4 | |
| 1.5 ft. wooden board (5) | Home Depot | 461443 | |
| 5 ft. wooden board | Vigoro | RC 85N | |
| 1/4 in. x 2 in. eye bolt (8) | Everbilt | 816721 | |
| 5/16 in. hex nuts (16) | Everbilt | 804886 | |
| 5/16 in. washers (16) | Everbilt | 807220 | |
| SAE size 6 stainless steel clamps (8) | Everbilt | 670655E | |
| 60ft. BNC extension cables (6) | WinBook | 432377 | |
| 2 ft. x 4 ft. wooden plywood | Home Depot | 1502104 | Cut to 1 ft. x 2 ft. |
| 5 ft. metal rebar (8) | Weyerhaeuser | 35616 | |
| Bungee cord (2) | HDX | 56128 | For securing lid |
| 15 ft. x 3/4 in. sticky back tape | Velcro | 239540 | |
| Duct tape | Duck | 392875 | |
| Permanent Marker | Sharpie | 35010 | |
| 1/4 in. x 400 ft. white diamond braid nylon rope | Everbilt | 72716 | |
| Weatherproof electrical tape | Scotch | 6143-BA-10 | |
| Schumacher 6A 12V automatic battery charger/ Carquest battery charger 8A | Schumacher/ Carquest | SP6/ CQ-80CR | Two possible car battery chargers |
| 6 in. nails (14) | Grip-Rite | 60HGC | |
| 18 Volt 1/2 in. Drill-Driver | Ryobi | P208B | Drill |
| 25 watt standard duty soldering iron | Weller | SP25NKUS | Soldering iron |
| Leaded rosin core solder | Bernzomatic | 354123 | Solder |
| Wire cutter | Stanley | 84-199 | |
| Screwdriver | Husky | 146340142 | Came from 14 piece set of Phillips and flathead drivers |
| 15 in. aggressive tooth saw | Home Depot | 122SS159 | |
| Rubber mallet | HDX | 31030 | |
| Post driver | Everbilt | 901147EB |
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