Summary

用于补丁夹紧器的接触气泡层的脂质双层实验

Published: January 16, 2019
doi:

Summary

在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 形成脂质双层使用接触气泡双层法。水泡被吹入有机溶剂, 藉以单层被形成在水油接口。两个移液器纵 , 以停靠气泡 , 形成一个双层。

Abstract

脂质双层为离子通道的功能研究提供了一个独特的实验平台, 可以检查不同膜脂组成下的通道膜相互作用。其中, 液滴界面双层得到了普及;然而, 大的膜尺寸阻碍了低电气背景噪声的记录。我们建立了一种接触气泡双层 (cbb) 方法, 该方法结合了平面脂质双层和膜片钳方法的优点, 如分别改变脂质成分和操纵双层力学的能力。利用该设置进行常规的膜片钳实验, 可以很容易地进行基于 cbb 的实验。简而言之, 玻璃移液器中的电解质溶液被吹入有机溶剂相 (十六烷), 并保持移液器压力以获得稳定的气泡尺寸。气泡是自发内衬的脂质单层 (纯脂质或混合脂质), 这是由泡泡中的脂质体提供。接下来, 玻璃移液器顶端的两个单衬气泡 (直径约 50μm) 被对接, 以形成双层。将通道重组脂质体引入气泡, 可将通道插入双层机中, 从而允许单通道电流记录, 其信噪比与膜片钳记录的信噪比相当。脂质成分不对称的 cbb 很容易形成。cbb 通过吹灭之前的泡沫并形成新的泡沫, 反复更新。各种化学和物理扰动 (膜灌注和双层张力) 可对 cbb 施加, 本文介绍了 cbb 形成的基本步骤。

Introduction

对于离子通道, 细胞膜不仅仅是一种支撑材料, 而是产生离子通量的伙伴。在功能上, 膜是一种电绝缘体, 其中嵌入离子通道, 所有细胞膜都具有静止膜的潜力。通常情况下, 从外部电路施加任意膜电位, 通过外部电路测量通过通道的电流。这种对不同膜电位离子通量的定量评价揭示了这些通道的分子性质, 如离子选择性渗透和门控功能1,2。用于离子通道功能研究的膜平台是细胞膜或脂质双层膜。从历史上看, 单通道电流记录首先是在脂质双层34中进行的, 并为细胞膜开发了相关技术, 如膜片钳法 (1 a))5,6。此后, 这两种技术分别为不同的目的而发展 (图 1)78.

膜脂质和双层膜因其在支持通道蛋白结构和功能方面的作用而成为目前研究的热点。因此, 对改变双层脂质成分的方法的现成性要求很高。脂质双层形成方法, 如平面脂质双层 (plb)8,9, 10, 11, 水油液滴双层 12, 液滴界面双层 (dib)13,14,15,16,17,18,19种技术 (图 1) 是常见的选择, 为检查不同脂质成分下的通道功能提供了机会20。虽然 dib 在技术上比传统的 plb 更容易生产, 但 dib 的大尺寸已经阻碍了补丁夹持器将其应用于研究具有通常大小电导 (& lt;100 ps) 的单通道电流记录。

为了避开背景噪音, 必须将双层区域降至最低。这个问题让人想起了在发展脂质双层电生理技术的过程中的重复历史 (图 1)。在早期, 在移液器的尖端形成了一个小尺寸的双层 (直径 1-30μm) (倾角法;图 1c)21,22,23, 而不是在室内疏水间隔上使用独立的双层 (直径约 100μm) (图 1b)。该方法允许在背景噪声更低的情况进行电气测量24。我们在公共小巴2526、尖浸 222327和膜片夹具 2829、30方面的经验,31 种方法使我们提出了一种利用油中水双层的原理形成脂质双层的新思想。我们把这个称为接触气泡双层 (cbb) 方法20,32。在这种方法中, 水泡不是挂在油相中的水滴 (图 1d), 而是从玻璃移液器 (尖端直径约为 30μm) 吹到油相 (图 1e 和 2) 中, 其中气泡是通过施加稳定的压力来维持的。在气泡表面的水油界面上自发形成单层。然后, 通过两个玻璃移液器的操作对接两个气泡, 当两个单层相互接近时, 形成了双层, 产生了一个平衡的双层面积。气泡的大小由气泡内压力 (保持压力) 控制, 同样由双层尺寸控制。平均直径为50微米, 经常使用。虽然气泡的体积很小 (和 lt;100 的 pl), 但它与在微升范围内的移液器溶液的较大体积相连, 构成了体积电解质相。

使用 cbb 方法有许多好处 (表 1)。作为一种脂质双层形成技术, 可以产生各种脂质成分的膜, 而非对称膜比传统的折叠方法33更容易形成 32种.双层可以机械操作, 不像传统的 plb, 只能弯曲与静水压差34,35。通过改变保持压力, 气泡要么膨胀, 要么缩小, 从而增加或降低膜张力32。双层是机械可拆卸成单层的, 类似于形态研究中的冻裂技术 36,37膜, 但有了 cbb, 一个机动允许重复分离和附加周期32.小体积的电解质溶液在气泡内允许有效地融合通道重组脂质体到双层, 并获得通道记录的概率远远高于与传统的 plb 技术。小气泡体积还允许快速灌注 (在 ~ 20 毫秒内), 一旦另一个注入移液器插入到任何一个气泡。与膜片钳方法不同的是, cbb 膜一旦破裂, 立即反复重组, 移液器每天可以使用几次。通过整合膜片钳和 plb 方法的优势, cbb 提供了一个多功能的平台来改变膜的物理化学条件, 从而能够对通道膜相互作用进行前所未有的研究。

在介绍 cbb 形成过程的详细协议之前, 首先介绍了双层形成的物理化学背景, 这将有助于滤光片解决与膜形成有关的实验困难。遇到的情况。

cbb 实验提供了表面化学科学的课程38。cbb 类似于从秸秆吹到空气中的肥皂泡, 同样, 水泡也被吹到有机溶剂中。人们会注意到, 当膜脂质不包括在水泡或有机溶剂中时, 水泡几乎不会膨胀。在没有两栖脂质的情况下, 水油界面的表面张力较高, 吹泡泡的气泡内压力较高。这是拉普拉斯方程的实现 (p = 2γ/r, 其中 p 是气泡内压力, γ是表面张力, r 是气泡半径)。当有机相或电解质溶液中的脂类浓度较高时, 单层中的脂质密度会增加, 这取决于吉布斯吸附等温线 (-γ = i dμ i, 其中i是表面多余的化合物 i, 和μ i是组分 i)39的化学势, 导致表面张力降低和气泡形成的容易性。在 cbb 中, 可以从切向角度观察到双层, 单层和双层之间的接触角是可测量的。这个角度代表平衡在单层和双层的表面紧张之间 (年轻等式: γ比 = γ mocos ( ), γbi 是双层张力, γ mo 是单层紧张, 并且接触角)。接触角的变化表明双层张力的变化, 因为单层张力是根据接触角的变化作为膜电位的函数来评估的 (Young-Lippmann 方程: γ mo = cm v 2) /4 (cos (0)-cos (v)), 其中 cm是膜电容, v 是膜电位, 0 和 v分别是0和 v mv 的接触角)40,41 ,42。当两个气泡足够接近时, 它们会自发地相互接近。这是由于范德瓦尔斯的力量, 我们可以直观地观察到 cbb 形成的这一动态过程。

cbb 系统由不同的阶段组成: 即散装油相、涂有单层的水泡和接触式双层 (图 3)。这些让人想起在公共小巴中观察到的多个相, 例如在双层相周围的含溶剂圆环和由两个单层 43, 44 夹在一起的薄有机相.在 cbb 中, 单层相是连续的, 双层传单, 脂质分子很容易在单层和传单之间扩散。单层相覆盖了泡沫表面的大部分, 构成了作为脂质储层的主要相。由于单层中脂质的疏水尾向外延伸到散装油相, 双层内部或疏水岩心向散装油相打开。因此, 注入靠近双层的油相中的疏水物质能够很容易地进入双层的内部。这是我们最近开发的膜灌注技术 45, 通过这种技术, 在单通道电流记录过程中, 双层层中的脂质成分发生了快速变化 (在一秒钟内)。我们发现, 通过打开和关闭45的胆固醇灌注, 可以可逆地控制双层中的胆固醇含量.如果有关物质在单层和双层中的浓度不同, 相关物质的浓度梯度通过扩散立即溶解, 这就是所谓的马兰戈尼效应46,47. 另一方面, 单层的人字拖速度缓慢48、4950.

采用 cbb 方法, 在多种物理化学条件下形成双层, 如电解质 ph 值低至 1 51, 盐 (k+, na+) 浓度高达 3 m, 膜电位高达±400 mv, 以及一个系统。温度高达60°c。

有几个选项的形成 cbb 和通道分子在其中的加入。对于水油界面单层的形成, 在有机溶剂中加入脂质 (脂质法;图 4a, 4c)或在泡沫中作为脂质体 (脂质入法;图 4b, 4d)。值得注意的是, 脂质法允许形成15,32的非对称膜。溶于水溶液的通道分子 (例如, 通道形成肽) 直接添加到气泡中 (图 4a、b)5253, 而通道蛋白被重组为然后将其添加到气泡中 (图 4c, d)。在此, 用脂联法形成 cbb, 以获得通道肽 (多聚己酰胺 b (ptb);图 4a) 或蛋白质 (kca 钾通道,图 4c)。

Protocol

1. 制备脂质体 以所需浓度 (如10 mg/ml) 在氯仿中分散磷脂 (例如粉末中的10毫克)。 蒸发氯仿。 将磷脂溶液放入圆底烧瓶中, 并将其安装在连接到n2气瓶的旋转蒸发器 (见材料表) 上。在室温下在 n2 流动下旋转烧瓶, 直到出现薄薄的磷脂膜 (~ 30分钟后)。 将打开的烧瓶放入连接到真空泵的干燥器中。使用真空泵, 吸气干燥器内部几?…

Representative Results

典型的 cbb 直径为 50μm (图 5, 6), 十六进制膜电容为 0.65μfcm2。气泡尺寸受气泡内压力任意控制。当低噪声记录需要小气泡时, 尖端直径应相应较小。例如, 对于直径为50微米的气泡尺寸, 尖端直径应为30μm。 一旦 cbb 形成, 在水溶液或脂质体中的通道分子在几到几分钟的时间内自发地插入…

Discussion

cbb 法的脂质双层形成是基于水油液滴内衬单层20的原理.从技术上讲, 形成 cbb 的程序很容易, 特别是对补丁夹具研究人员来说, 他们擅长操作玻璃微管。当两个带有微喷射器的移液器机械手可用时, 膜片就很容易使用膜片钳的电生理设置。另一方面, 由于 cbb 是传统的 plb 的接班人, 为此积累了大量的物理化学知识, 因此这一背景以及对表面化学的知识38对操作和<sup …

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

提交人感谢 yamatake mariko 和 takashima masako 提供的技术援助。这项工作得到 kakenhi 赠款编号16h00759 和 17h04017 (so) 的部分支持。

Materials

Azolectin (L-α-Phosphatidylcholine, Type IV-S) Sigma-Aldrich P3644
A/D Converter Molecular Divices Digidata1550A
Ag/AgCl electrode Warner Instruments 64-1317
Bath Sonicator Branson M1800H-J
Camera Hamamatsu Photonics C11440-10C
Glass Capillary Harvard Apparatus 30-0062
Hepes Dojindo 342-01375
Hole Slideglass Matsunami Glass S339929
Inverted Microscope Olympus IX73
Isolation Table Herz TDI-86LA(Y)2
Micro Injenctor Narishige IM-11-2
Micro Manipulator Narishige EMM
Microforge Narishige MF-830
Micropipette holder
n-Hexadecane Nacalai 07819-32
Patch-Clamp Amplifier HEKA EPC800
Pipette Puller Sutter Instrument Co. P-87
POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine) Avanti Polar Lipids 850457
POPE (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine
)
Avanti Polar Lipids 850757
POPG (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) ) Avanti Polar Lipids 840457
Potassium Chloride Nacalai 28514-75
Rotary Evapolator Iwaki REN-1000
Succinic Acid Nacalai 32402-05
Vacuum Pump Buchi V-100

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Iwamoto, M., Oiki, S. Lipid Bilayer Experiments with Contact Bubble Bilayers for Patch-Clampers. J. Vis. Exp. (143), e58840, doi:10.3791/58840 (2019).

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