从小鼠横纹肌瘤分离的原发性肿瘤细胞的肿瘤球衍生和治疗
1Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 2Development, Aging and Regeneration Program,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 3Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery,University California San Diego
Summary
该协议描述了一种从肿瘤层培养开始分离小鼠横纹肌瘤原发细胞、肿瘤球的形成和治疗以及异体移植的可重复方法。
Abstract
横纹肌瘤（RMS）是儿童最常见的软组织肉瘤。尽管已作出重大努力，能够识别与 RMS 相关的常见突变，并允许对不同 RMS 亚型进行区分，但开发新疗法以进一步改善预后仍面临重大挑战。虽然通过表达的致词标记，RMS是有致血的还是非造血的，由于对起源细胞的了解仍然不足，因此仍然存在重大争议。本研究为小鼠RMS的肿瘤球测定提供了可靠的方法。该测定基于肿瘤细胞的功能特性，允许识别肿瘤中具有肿瘤生成功能的稀有种群。还介绍了测试重组蛋白、将转染方案与肿瘤球测定相结合以及评估参与肿瘤发育和生长的候选基因的程序。进一步描述是一种将肿瘤球移植到受体小鼠中以验证体内肿瘤生成功能的程序。总体而言，所述方法允许可靠地识别和测试可在不同环境中产生的稀有 RMS 肿瘤群。最后，该协议可作为药物筛选和治疗学未来发展的平台。
Introduction
癌症是一种异质疾病;此外，同一类型的肿瘤可以在不同的患者中呈现不同的基因突变，在患者体内，肿瘤由多个细胞群组成。异质性在识别负责引发和传播癌症的细胞方面提出了挑战，但其特性对于开发有效治疗至关重要。肿瘤传播细胞（TPC）的概念，一种罕见的细胞群，有助于肿瘤的发展，已经广泛审查2。尽管TPC在多种癌症中具有特征，但识别其可靠分离的标记物仍然是几种肿瘤类型3、4、5、6的挑战。,7,8,9.因此，一种不依赖于分子标记，而是依赖于TPC功能特性（高自我更新和低附着条件下生长能力）的方法，称为肿瘤层形成测定，可以广泛应用于从大多数肿瘤的TPC的识别。重要的是，这种测定也可用于扩大三氯图C，从而直接应用于抗癌药物筛选和研究抗癌1，10。
横纹肌瘤（RMS）是一种罕见的软组织肉瘤，在幼儿11中最为常见。Althoug RMS可以通过对造血标记物表达的评估进行组织学鉴定，由于肿瘤发育刺激的多种肿瘤亚型和高异质性，原源RMS细胞尚未被单体特征化。事实上，最近的研究已经产生了关于RMS是致幻或非造血源的重要科学讨论，这表明RMS可能来自不同的细胞类型，这取决于上下文12，13。14,15,16,17.对RMS细胞系进行了大量研究，利用肿瘤层形成测定来鉴定肿瘤发育的通路，并鉴定与高度自我更新人群相关的标记物的表征18,19,20,21.
然而，尽管肿瘤圈形成测定具有识别原源RMS细胞的潜力，但一种可用于原发RMS细胞的可靠方法尚未得到描述。在此背景下，我们小组最近的一项研究采用了优化的肿瘤球形成测定，用于鉴定Duchenne肌肉萎缩症（DMD）小鼠模型22中的原源RMS细胞。从肌肉组织分离出的多种肿瘤前细胞类型，测试其在低附着条件下生长的能力，从而能够将肌肉干细胞识别为营养不良环境中RMS的原源细胞。这里描述的是肿瘤层形成测定的可重复和可靠的协议（图1），它已被成功地用于识别负责小鼠RMS发育的极其罕见的细胞群。
Protocol
小鼠的住宿、治疗和牺牲均按照桑福德·伯纳姆·普雷比斯医学发现研究所批准的IACUC协议进行。 1. 试剂制备 制备100 mL的细胞分离培养基：F10培养基辅以10%马血清（HS）。 制备50 mL的胶原酶 II 型溶液：在 50 mL 的细胞分离介质中溶解 1 g 胶原酶 II 型粉末（注意酶的单位，每 1 mL 培养基，因为单位数量会根据批次而变化）。将溶液与溶液加数，并储存在-20°C冷冻箱?…
Representative Results
肿瘤球检测细胞分离得到优化，以获得肿瘤组织中细胞群的最大异质性。首先，由于分离组织呈现形态上不同的区域，为了增加分离均匀稀有细胞群的机会，从肿瘤的多个区域进行了取样（图1A，左侧第一面板）。第二，对采集的样品进行机械解离，同时保持切碎组织大小的均质性，尽管样品中可能存在不同的电阻（?…
Discussion
已采用多种方法从肿瘤异质细胞群中分离和表征TPC：肿瘤克隆测定、FACS分离和肿瘤球层形成测定。肿瘤克隆测定在1971年首次被描述，用于干细胞研究，后来才应用于癌症生物学29，30。该方法是以癌症干细胞的内在特性为基础，在软胶囊培养中不受约束地扩展31。该方法自开发以来，已广泛应用于癌症研究，包括肿瘤细胞异质性研究、…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项工作得到了埃里森医学基金会拨款AG-NS-0843-11的支持，以及NCI癌症中心支持赠款P30CA030199授予A.S.的NIH试点补助金。
Materials
| Accutase cell dissociation reagent | Gibco | A1110501 | Detach adherent cells and dissociate tumorspheres |
| Celigo | Nexcelom | Celigo | Microwell plate based image cytometer for adherent and suspension cells |
| Collagenase, Type II | Life Technologies | 17101015 | Tissue digestion enzyme |
| Dispase II, protease | Life Technologies | 17105041 | Tissue digestion enzyme |
| DMEM high glucose media | Gibco | 11965092 | Component of tumor cells media |
| DMEM/F12 Media | Gibco | 11320033 | Component of tumosphere media |
| EDTA | ThermoFisher | S312500 | Component of FACS buffer |
| EGF recombinant mouse protein | Gibco | PMG8041 | Component of tumosphere media |
| FACSAria II Flow Cytometry | BD Biosciences | 650033 | Fluorescent activated cell sorter |
| Fetal Bovine Serum | Omega Scientific | FB-11 | Component of tumor cells media |
| Fluriso (Isofluornae) anesthetic agent | MWI Vet Supply | 502017 | Anesthetic reagent for animals |
| FxCycle Violet Stain | Life Technologies | F10347 | Discriminate live and dead cells |
| Goat Serum | Life Technologies | 16210072 | Component of FACS buffer |
| Ham's F10 Media | Life Technologies | 11550043 | Component of FACS buffer |
| Horse Serum | Life Technologies | 16050114 | Component of cell isolation media |
| Lipofectamine 3000 transfection reagent | ThermoFisher | L3000015 | Transfection Reagent |
| Matrigel membrane matrix | Corning | CB40234 | Provides support to trasplanted cells |
| N-2 Supplemtns (100X) | Gibco | 17502048 | Component of tumosphere media |
| Neomycin-Polymyxin B Sulfates-Bacitracin Zinc Ophthalmic Ointment | MWI Vet Supply | 701008 | Eyes ointment |
| PBS | Gibco | 10010023 | Component of FACS buffer and used for washing cells |
| pEGFP-C1 | Addgene | 6084-1 | GFP plasmid |
| Penicillin – Streptomyocin | Life Technologies | 15140163 | Component of tumosphere and tumor cells media |
| Recombinant Human βFGF-basic | Peprotech | 10018B | Component of tumosphere media |
| Recombinant mouse Flt-3 Ligand Protein | R&D Systems | 427-FL-005 | Recombinant protein |
| Trypan blue | ThermoFisher | 15250061 | Discriminate live and dead cells |
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Cite This Article
Boscolo Sesillo, F., Sacco, A. Tumorsphere Derivation and Treatment from Primary Tumor Cells Isolated from Mouse Rhabdomyosarcomas. J. Vis. Exp. (151), e59897, doi:10.3791/59897 (2019).