Summary

C. Elegans生理应激反应的测量

Published: May 21, 2020
doi:

Summary

在这里,我们通过测量荧光转录机的激活和对生理应激的敏感性来描述线虫C.elegan的细胞蛋白毒性应激反应。

Abstract

生物体经常暴露在波动的环境和细胞内平衡的变化中,这可能对其蛋白体和生理产生有害影响。因此,生物体进化了有针对性的特定应力反应,专门用于修复损伤和保持平衡。这些机制包括内质视网膜(UPRER)的展开蛋白反应、线粒体(UPRMT)的展开蛋白反应、热冲击反应(HSR)和氧化应激反应(OxSR)。此处介绍的协议描述了检测和描述这些途径的激活及其在线虫,C. elegan的生理后果的方法。首先,描述使用特定于路径的荧光转录报告器进行快速细胞表征、药物筛查或大规模基因筛查(例如RNAi或突变库)。此外,还描述了互补、健壮的生理测定,可用于直接评估动物对特定压力因素的敏感性,作为转录报告员的功能验证。这些方法共同允许快速表征内部和外部蛋白毒性扰动的细胞和生理影响。

Introduction

生物体对细胞内和细胞外环境变化作出反应的能力对其生存和适应至关重要。这是通过多种保护途径在细胞水平上实现的,这些通路可确保细胞的完整性。虽然许多细胞组分受到与压力相关的损伤,但细胞压力反应的一个主要参与是修复和保护细胞蛋白酶体的平衡。然而,将蛋白质分割成特殊结构(称为细胞器)对细胞构成挑战,因为它不能依赖一种集中的蛋白质质量控制形式来确保细胞内的所有蛋白质都正确折叠和发挥作用。因此,为了应对对蛋白质的干扰,细胞器已经进化出专门的质量控制机制,可以感知错误折叠的蛋白质并激活压力反应,以减轻该隔间内的压力。例如,细胞索尔依赖于热冲击反应(HSR),而内质视网膜(ER)和线粒体依赖于其隔间特有的展开蛋白反应(UPR)。OxSR 有助于减轻活性氧物种 (ROS) 的毒性影响。每个应激反应都会在细胞挑战和环境侮辱的情况下触发,并诱导量身定制的转录反应。这些反应的特征包括合成分子,这些分子将错误折叠的蛋白质(如伴郎)重新折叠,以适当的细胞器为目标,或者去除蛋白质降解所损坏的蛋白质。未能激活这些应激反应会导致受损蛋白质的积累,细胞功能障碍传播到组织的全身衰竭,并最终死亡。不同应激反应的功能及调节,在其它地方会检讨

关于细胞应激反应的调节和活性的许多见解都归因于线虫,Caenorhabditis elegans,一种在基因研究中的多细胞模型有机体。线虫不仅允许研究细胞水平上应激反应的激活,而且允许在有机水平上研究压力反应的激活;线虫被用来研究遗传扰动或接触药物和污染物对其生长和生存的影响。其快速的生成时间、等基因、透明度、遗传性和实验期间的易用性使其成为此类研究的理想选择。此外,相对快速的生理反应对压力(小时和几天之间)和细胞通路的进化保护使线虫成为研究抗压力的重要工具。

有两种常用的大肠杆菌菌株作为食物来源来生长C.elegans:标准OP50,一种B菌株,其中大多数实验在历史上都进行了2和HT115,K-12菌株,用于几乎所有的RNAi实验33,4。4需要注意的是,OP50和HT115细菌饮食之间存在显著差异。这些不同细菌源的生长已证明会导致代谢轮廓、线粒体DNA拷贝数和几个主要表型(包括寿命5)的重大差异。其中一些差异归因于与OP50细菌生长相关的维生素B12缺乏症,这可能导致线粒体平衡缺陷和对病原体和压力的敏感度提高。所有这些表型已被证明通过HT115细菌的生长得到缓解,这些细菌的维生素B126含量较高。因此,建议对HT115细菌进行所有生理应激反应实验,而不管RNAi条件是否必要。然而,由于在OP50上维护动物的方便性,所有标准生长(即动物的维护和放大)都可以在OP50上进行,因为在这里描述的实验范式中,只要它们被转移到HT115后同步(即从具有或没有L1逮捕的填充物)到实验之前,在OP50上维护的蠕虫中就不会检测到显著差异。

本文介绍了使用两种功能方法对细胞应力反应活性的表征。应该指出,所提出的协议主要侧重于细胞压力反应及其对蛋白质平衡的影响。首先,荧光转录机被利用,这是由内源性基因促进者调节的,这些启动器是专门针对不同的细胞压力而激活的。这些荧光转录报告是基于特定基因的转录诱导,这些基因是压力反应的本机部分。例如,HSP-4,一种热冲击蛋白正交人类伴子HSPA5/BiP,在ER压力下激活,并本地化到ER,以减轻压力。在ER应力条件下(例如,接触图尼卡霉素),一种绿色荧光蛋白(GFP),置于hsp-4促进剂的调节下,在高水平合成,可以通过荧光显微镜评估,或使用线虫7的大颗粒流细胞测定定量测量。同样,线粒体贞操的促进剂hsp-6(哺乳动物HSPA9的正交)用于监测UPRMT8的激活,而细胞轮手hsp-16.2(人类晶体状α基因的正交)的促进剂用于评估HSR9的活性。这些记者允许快速描述为应对各种扰动而激活的路径。

经常,这里介绍的记者使用显微镜进行成像,这为压力反应的激活提供了定性输出。然而,虽然成像技术提供了上述记者的强度和组织位置信息,但其定量并不总是准确或可靠。虽然可以使用成像分析工具量化荧光活化,但由于成像的动物数量相对较少,这些方法的吞吐量相对较低,样本尺寸也很小。获得大量动物的简便性和能力,使C.elegans成为使用大型粒子流细胞计检测荧光应力检测器激活的理想模型系统。大颗粒流式细胞计能够记录、分析和排序,具体取决于许多活体动物的大小和荧光。使用这种方法,可以获取数千个蠕虫的荧光强度、大小以及空间 (2D) 信息。该系统使用 FlowPilot 进行控制,允许实时采集数据并分析测量参数。在这里,提供了使用大颗粒流细胞计进行微观成像和定量分析的方法,作为测量应力反应激活的方法。

除记者分析外,动物对压力的敏感性或抵抗力可以通过生理压力测定来测量。这是通过将动物暴露在激活特定细胞压力通路的紧张环境中来实现的。在这里,提供了几种方法来测量整个动物对特定类型压力器的敏感性。

ER应力是使用化学剂,图尼辛,阻止N联联糖基,导致在ER10中折叠错误的蛋白质的积累。在C.elegans中,接触图尼卡霉素时的生长会导致ER功能的主要扰动,并且寿命显著缩短11。通过测量动物在含有曲霉素的盘子里的存活率,可以量化动物的ER应力敏感性。例如,与野生型动物12相比,具有异位UPRER诱导和增强对ER中蛋白质错折叠应力的抵抗力的动物在接触图尼卡霉素后存活率增加。

氧化和线粒体应力通过使动物接触化学剂百草枯而应用于C.elegan。百草枯是一种常用的除草剂,它特别在线粒体13中引起超氧化物的形成。由于线粒体衍生活性氧物种(ROS)的特定定位,百草枯测定常被用作”线粒体”应力测定。然而,超氧化物通过线粒体超氧化物脱氧酶(SODs)14迅速转化为过氧化氢。14过氧化氢随后会从线粒体中扩散出来,并在细胞的其他隔间中引起氧化应激。因此,我们将百草枯生存测定描述为测量线粒体和氧化应激的敏感性(其他氧化应激测定可以发现15)。

热耐受性测定通过在高温下放置动物在C.elegan中进行。线虫的环境温度为+15-20°C,热应力在25°C16、17,17以上的温度下引起热应力。耐热性测定一般在30-37°C的温度下进行,因为动物在这种温度下表现出严重的细胞缺陷,生存测定在24小时内完成16,18。16,在这里,提供了两种替代方法来执行热耐受性测定:在34°C下生长,在37°C下生长。结合此处提供的协议,当与使用RNA干扰或化学药物库的标准基因击倒相结合时,可用于执行大规模筛选。

该协议可分为4个广泛的程序——生长的C.elegans和成像准备(第1节和第2节),使用荧光显微镜对转录记者进行成像(第3-5节),对使用大颗粒流细胞计(第6节)的记者进行定量测量,以及生理测定测量C.elegans的应力敏感性(第7节)。

Protocol

1. 温度和 OP50 的标准生长条件与 HT115 标准增长和扩展 在环境温度 (+22-25 °C) 下,在 LB 中生长 OP50 培养物(表 1)或首选等效介质 24-48 小时。在室温下生长细菌,因为OP50是一种乌拉基辅助营养,在37°C生长时,还原剂(例如抑制剂突变体)的发生率较高。不建议长期储存OP50培养物(最多1周,4°C)。 将体积为 ±100-200 μL 的饱和 OP50 培养物放在 60 mm NGM 板(<stron…

Representative Results

使用转录记者测量压力反应的激活在这里,荧光转录记者被使用,作为强大的工具,以测量激活大多数压力反应在C.elegans。GFP 表达式在主转录稳压器的规范目标推动下驱动,用于响应隔间特定的应力。表3提供了常用转录记者的完整名单。 通过展开或错折叠的蛋白质或脂质双层应力干扰ER平?…

Discussion

在这里,用荧光转录机和生理应激生存测定法来描述在C.elegans中询问细胞压力反应的方法。记者都利用GFP表达驱动下下游转录目标的促进器,该指标涉及细胞压力反应的转录因子。使用 hsp-4p::GFP由 XBP-1s 介导的 UPRER调制,hsp-6p::GFP由 ATFS-1 介导的 UPRMT控制,gst-4p::GFP在 SKN-1 介导的 OxSR 下,hsp16.2p:GFPhsp-70p::在HSF-1 介导的热冲击响…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

R.BZ得到EMBO长期奖学金和拉里·希尔布洛姆基金会的支持。R.H.S 通过国家老龄研究所 (NIA) 和格伦医学研究基金会博士后奖学金获得 5F32AG032023-02 的资助。A.F. 通过 NIA 获得授予 F32AG051355 的支持。H.K.G. 通过国家科学基金会研究生研究奖学金计划获得 DGE1752814 资助。M.G.M. 支持 1F31AG060660-01 通过 NIA。A.D. 由托马斯和斯塔西·西贝尔基金会、霍华德·休斯医学研究所以及 4R01AG042679-04 和 5R01AG055891-02 支持,以及来自 NIEHS 的 5R01ES021667-09。我们感谢拉里·乔、梅丽莎·桑切斯、纳梅·凯莱特和阿内尔·埃斯奎维尔提供的重要技术援助。我们感谢森本实验室和CGC(由NIH研究基础设施项目P40 OD010440资助)菌株。

Materials

Antimycin A Sigma-Aldrich A8674 for mitochondrial stress
Bacto Peptone Fisher Scientific DF0118072 for NGM plates
BD Difco granulated agar VWR 90000-782 for NGM plates
Calcium chloride dihydrate VWR 97061-904 for NGM plates
Carbenicillin BioPioneer C0051-25 for RNAi
Cholesterol Sigma-Aldrich 57-88-5 for NGM plates
COPAS Biosorter Union Biometrica 350-5000-000 equipped with a 488 nm light source.
COPAS Cleaning Solution Union Biometrica 300-5072-000 to use with COPAS
COPAS Sheath Solution Union Biometrica 300-5070-100 to use with COPAS
DMSO Sigma-Aldrich 472301 solvent for drugs
IPTG dioxane free Denville Scientific CI8280-4 for RNAi
LB Broth Miller Fisher Scientific BP1426500 for LB
M205FA stereoscope Leica 10450040 equipped with a Leica DFC3000G monochromatic CCD camera, standard Leica GFP filter (ex 395-455, EM 480 LP), and LAS X software
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate VWR EM-MX0070-3 for NGM plates, M9
Paraquat Sigma-Aldrich 36541 for oxidative/mitochondrial stress
Potassium Chloride Fisher P217-500 for bleach soluton
Potassium phosphate dibasic VWR EM-PX1570-2 for NGM plates
Potassium phosphate monobasic VWR EM-PX1565-5 for M9
Revolve ECHO 75990-514 equipped with an Olympus 4x Plan Fluorite NA 0.13 objective lens, standard Olympus FITC filter (ex 470/40; em 525/50; DM 560), and an iPad Pro for camera and to drive ECHO software
Sodium Azide Sigma-Aldrich 71289-50G for imaging
Sodium Chloride EMD Millipore SX0420-5 for NGM plates, M9
Sodium phosphate dibasic VWR 71003-472 for M9
Tert-butyl hydroperoxide Sigma-Aldrich 458139 for oxidative stress
Tetracycline hydrochloride Sigma-Aldrich T7660-5G for RNAi
Tunicamycin Sigma-Aldrich T7765-50MG for ER stress

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Bar-Ziv, R., Frakes, A. E., Higuchi-Sanabria, R., Bolas, T., Frankino, P. A., Gildea, H. K., Metcalf, M. G., Dillin, A. Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans. J. Vis. Exp. (159), e61001, doi:10.3791/61001 (2020).

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