Summary

使用注射器和针头模拟血液学应激对循环肿瘤细胞的影响

Published: April 27, 2021
doi:

Summary

在这里,我们演示了一种方法,将液剪应力应用于悬浮中的癌细胞,以模拟血液动力学应激对循环肿瘤细胞的影响。

Abstract

在转移过程中,来自固体组织的癌细胞,包括绰号,获得淋巴和血源循环,在那里他们暴露在机械应激由于血液同源流动。其中一个压力是循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)的经验是液体剪切应力(FSS)。虽然癌细胞可能由于间歇性流动而在肿瘤内经历低水平的FSS,但CTC在没有细胞外基质附着的情况下暴露在更大的FSS水平上。从生理学上讲,FSS的震级范围超过3-4级,淋巴(<1分/厘米2)中含量较低,当细胞穿过心脏和心脏瓣膜时,最高水平短暂存在(>500dynes/cm2)。有几个 体外 模型设计为在不同的时间范围内模拟不同范围的生理剪切应力。本文描述了一个模型,利用简单的注射器和针头系统来研究高水平FSS的短暂(毫秒)脉冲对癌细胞生物学的影响。

Introduction

转移,或癌症的扩散超过最初的肿瘤部位,是导致癌症死亡率的主要因素1。在转移过程中,癌细胞利用循环系统作为高速公路传播到全身2、3的遥远部位。在前往这些部位的途中,循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)存在于动态流体微环境内,不像其原始原发肿瘤3、4、5。有人提出,这种流体微环境是转移4的众多障碍之一。转移效率低下的概念大体一致,即大多数进入循环的CTC要么灭亡,要么不形成生产性转移殖民地6,7,8。然而,为什么从单个反恐委员会的角度来看,转移效率低下,这一点不太确定,而且仍然是一个活跃的调查领域。CTC与细胞外基质分离,剥夺了原发性肿瘤中可能存在的可溶性生长和生存因子,并且以与原发性肿瘤4大不相同的方式暴露在免疫系统和血液动力中。这些因素都可能导致CTC的存活率低,但其相对贡献尚不清楚。本文讨论了血液动力如何影响CTC的问题。

研究血液动力对CTC的影响是相当具有挑战性的。目前,没有工程体外系统可以复制整个空间动力学(心到毛细血管)和人类血管系统的流变特性。此外,CTC如何体验循环系统还不完全清楚。实验证据表明,大多数癌细胞不会像血细胞那样持续循环。相反,由于它们的尺寸相对较大(直径为10-20μm),大多数CTC被卡在毛细血管床(直径为6-8μm)的可变时间长度(s至天),在那里他们可能会死亡,奢侈,或被转移到下一个毛细血管床8,9,10,11。然而,有一些证据表明,CTC的大小可能更异质的体内,较小的CTC是可检测到的12。因此,根据距离和血流速度,CTC只能在这些诱捕期之间自由循环几秒钟,尽管缺乏对这种行为的定量描述。

此外,根据CTC进入循环的位置,它们可能通过肺部和其他外周部位的多个毛细发床,在到达最终目的地之前通过左右心脏。一路上,CTC 暴露于各种血液动力学应力,包括液切变应力 (FSS)、在微循环中诱捕过程中的压缩力,以及在可能表现出类似白细胞的沿着血管壁滚动的情况下的牵引力因此,对流通进行建模的能力和对要建模的CTC行为的理解都是有限的。由于这种不确定性, 体外 模型系统的任何发现都应在实验脊椎动物体内以及最终在癌症患者中得到验证。

有了上述警告,本文演示了一个相对简单的模型,将FSS应用于悬浮细胞,以探讨FSS对CTC的影响首次描述在2012年15。FSS 是血流摩擦血管壁的结果,在较大血管的层压流条件下产生抛物线速度梯度。细胞在血管壁附近经历更高水平的FSS,在血管中心附近经历较低的FSS水平。流体粘度、流速和流经管道的尺寸会影响 FSS,如哈根-波塞耶方程所述。这适用于血流作为牛顿流体的行为,但不适用于微循环。生理FSS的范围超过几个数量级,淋巴(<1 dyn/cm2)中最低,心脏瓣膜和动脉粥样硬化斑块周围区域最高(>500 dyn/cm2)5。动脉中的平均壁切应力为10-70 dyn/cm2和静脉1-6 dyn/cm2,静脉16,17。

在心脏,细胞可能暴露在阀门传单周围的湍流,其中非常高水平,但非常短的FSS可能会经历18,19。虽然生物处理领域长期以来一直研究FSS对悬浮哺乳动物细胞的影响,但这种信息对于理解FSS对CTC的影响可能价值有限,因为它通常侧重于长期应用的低得多的FSS水平。如下所述,使用注射器和针头,可以将相对较高的(数万至数千丁/厘米2)FSS用于相对较短的(毫秒)的细胞悬架。自最初描述这个模型15以来,其他人已经利用它来研究FSS对癌细胞21,22,23的影响。FSS 的多个”脉冲”可在短时间内应用于细胞悬浮,以促进下游实验分析。例如,该模型可用于测量细胞通过 FSS 抵抗机械破坏的能力,测量细胞的可行性作为应用脉冲数量的函数。或者,可以通过收集细胞进行各种下游分析来探索FSS暴露对癌细胞生物学的影响。重要的是,部分单元格悬架保留为静态控制,以比较 FSS 与可能与单元格分离和悬架中保持的时间相关的影响。

Protocol

1. 细胞制备 当 70-90% 汇流时,通过遵循所用细胞系的建议指南从组织培养皿中释放细胞。 例如,为 PC-3 细胞吸气生长介质,用 5 mL 的无钙和无镁磷酸盐缓冲盐水 (PBS) 清洗 10 厘米的细胞盘。 在使用制造商协议添加 1 mL 的 0.25% 试用素之前,先吸气 PBS。 在倒置显微镜下观察细胞分离后,加入含有10%胎儿牛血清的5 mL DMEM:F12介质,以抑制试金石。 将?…

Representative Results

先前已证明,对FSS诱发的机械破坏的耐药性升高是多种癌细胞系的保存表型,而与未转化的上皮细胞比较器15、24相比,从肿瘤中新分离出来的癌细胞是一种保存的表型。在这里,从各种组织起源(表2)的其他癌细胞系测试,以证明这些细胞的大多数显示生存能力≥20%后,10脉冲的FSS在250μL/s。一个例外是MiaPaCa2细胞,它对FSS的机械破坏相对?…

Discussion

本文演示了FSS在悬架中使用注射器和针头对癌细胞的应用。使用这个模型,癌细胞已经证明对高水平FSS的短暂脉冲比非转化上皮细胞15,22,24耐药。此外,使用此模型接触FSS可导致细胞僵硬度迅速增加,RhoA激活,皮质F-actin和肌素II基收缩性增加24,27。快速机械适应(CTC的能力,?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这里展示的模型的发展得到了DOD赠款W81XWH-12-1-0163、NIH赠款R21 CA179981和R21CA196202以及佐藤转移研究基金的支持。

Materials

0.25% Trypsin Gibco 25200-056
14 mL round bottom tubes Falcon – Corning 352059
30 G 1/2" Needle BD 305106
5 mL syringe BD 309646
96-well black bottom plate Costar – Corning 3915
Bioluminescence detector AMI AMI HTX
BSA, Fraction V Sigma 10735086001
Cell Titer Blue Promega G8081
crystal violet Sigma C0775
D-luciferin GoldBio D-LUCK
DMEM Gibco 11965-092
FBS Atlanta Biologicals S11150
PBS Gibco 10010023
Plate Reader BioTek Synergy HT
Sodium Azide (NaN3) Sigma S2002
Syringe Pump Harvard Apparatus 70-3005

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Cite This Article
Moose, D. L., Williams-Perez, S., Cafun, R., Krog, B. L., Henry, M. D. Modeling the Effects of Hemodynamic Stress on Circulating Tumor Cells using a Syringe and Needle. J. Vis. Exp. (170), e62478, doi:10.3791/62478 (2021).

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