Summary

从产甲烷纯培养物和环境样品中提取辅因子F420 用于分析聚谷氨酸尾部长度

Published: October 14, 2021
doi:

Summary

针对纯培养物和环境样品中F420 尾长的液相色谱分离和分析,优化了从纯培养物中提取辅因子F420 的方法。

Abstract

辅因子F420 在许多细菌和古菌分类群的一次和二次代谢中作为氢化物载体起着核心作用。辅因子以其在甲烷生成中的作用而闻名,它促进了热力学上困难的反应。由于不同生物体之间的聚谷氨酸尾巴长度不同,长度剖面分析可能是区分和表征不同生境中不同群体和途径的有力工具。在这里,该协议描述了通过应用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱分析来提取和优化辅因子F420 检测,而这些方法独立于培养或分子生物学方法。该方法用于从土壤、厌氧污泥和纯培养物中的微生物群落中获得辅因子F420 表达的额外信息,并通过峰值实验进行评估。因此,该研究成功地在受控的产甲烷纯培养物以及厌氧消化池污泥和土壤等环境样品中生成了不同的F420 尾长剖面,用于氢营养和碎裂性产甲烷菌。

Introduction

F420是一种广泛但经常被忽视的辅因子,在古菌细菌的一次和二次代谢过程中作为专性双电子氢化物载体起作用12F420是一种5-脱氮黄素,在结构上与黄素相似,其化学和生物学特性与NAD +或NADP +更具可比性。由于氮在异丙沙嗪环的位置5处用碳代替,它是一种强还原剂,因此表现出-340 mV13的低标准氧化还原电位。F420包括一个5-去氮杂黄素环和一个2-磷酸-L-乳酸接头(F420-0)。含有n+1谷氨酸单体的低聚谷氨酸尾部可以附着在分子(F420-n+1)4上。

长期以来,辅因子F420仅与古菌放线菌有关。这在很大程度上已被推翻。最近的分析显示,F420分布在变形杆菌门,Chloroflexi和潜在的厚壁动物的各种厌氧和好氧生物中,这些生物栖息在土壤,湖泊和人类肠道等无数栖息地15。2019年,Braga等人6表明,Paraburkholderia rhizoxinica蛋白杆菌产生独特的F420衍生物,含有3-磷酸甘油酯而不是2-磷酸乳酸盐尾巴,这可能在各种栖息地广泛分布。在古菌域内,F420已在几个谱系中被发现,包括产甲烷7,嗜甲烷细胞89和硫酸盐还原目10,并且应该在Thaumarchaeota11中产生。F420最广为人知的是氢营养和甲基营养性甲烷生成中必需的氧化还原辅酶。F420(F420H2)的还原形式作为电子供体用于还原亚甲基四氢甲基蝶呤(亚甲基-H4MPT,Mer)和甲基-H4MPT1213。它还可以用作含有细胞色素的产甲烷菌的H2非依赖性电子转运途径中的电子载体1214。此外,F420的氧化形式在420nm处激发时具有特征性的蓝绿色荧光,这有助于在显微镜下检测产甲烷菌(图1)。由于其低氧化还原潜力,F420有助于(i)广泛谱顽固或有毒有机化合物的外源性还原,(ii)链霉菌(放线菌门)中四环素和林科斯酰胺抗生素或植物毒素的合成,以及(iii)对分枝杆菌(放线菌门)中的氧化或亚硝化应激或其他不利条件的抵抗力151516171819202122。因此,F420依赖性氧化还原酶是有前途的生物催化剂,用于工业和制药目的以及污染环境的生物修复123。尽管最近有这些发现,但辅因子F420的确切作用在放线菌或其他细菌门中仍然知之甚少。

F420生物合成至少有三种途径2624。首先,生物合成途径被分成5-脱氮黄素生物合成和2-磷酸乳酸盐代谢分支。F420分子的反应部分通过FO合成酶合成,使用底物酪氨酸和5-氨基-6-核氨基-2,4(1H3H)-嘧啶二酮。结果是核黄素水平的发色团FO。在目前接受的乳酸代谢分支中,L-乳酸通过L-乳酸激酶(CofB)磷酸化为2-磷酸-L-乳酸;反过来,2-磷酸-L-乳酸通过2-磷酸-L-乳酸胍基转移酶(CofC)被鸟嘌呤基化为L-乳糖基-2-二磷酸-5′-鸟苷。在下一步中,L-乳糖基-2-二磷酸-5′-鸟苷通过2-磷酸-L-乳酸转移酶(CofD)与FO结合形成F420-02最后,酶F420-0:ɣ-谷氨酰连接酶(CofE)将谷氨酸单体与F420-0结合,形成不同数量的最终辅因子62325不同的生物体在附着的谷氨酸残基数量上显示出不同的模式,与分枝杆菌相比,产甲烷菌的尾巴更短22526。一般来说,产甲烷菌的尾巴长度从两到三个不等,在碎屑性产甲烷菌(Methanosarcina sp.)中最多有五个,而在分枝杆菌属中发现的尾巴长度从五到七个谷氨酸残基2252627不等。然而,最近的研究结果表明,长链F420F420依赖性氧化还原酶结合,亲和力高于短链F420;此外,结合的长链F420增加了底物亲和力,但降低了相应酶的周转率23

辅因子F420 的检测通常基于其荧光。因此,使用反相(RP)-HPLC2728分离其寡聚谷氨酸衍生物。最近,Ney等人使用四丁基氢氧化铵作为带负电荷的谷氨酸尾的离子配对试剂,成功地增强了RP-HLPC上的分离5。在这里,我们提出了一种制备样品的方法,随后裂解,提取,纯化,分离和定量辅因子F420 不仅来自纯培养物,还来自不同的环境样品(即土壤和消化池污泥)。

Protocol

注意:辅因子F420 的提取和分析是一个三步过程,包括样品裂解,通过固相萃取(SPE)进行辅因子预纯,以及通过离子配对RP-HPLC(IP-RP-HPLC)和荧光检测进行辅因子检测。在开始之前,按照 表1中所述准备材料和试剂。 1. 样品裂解 将多达 5 g 样品加入适当的试管(例如,50 mL 锥形管)。 向样品中加入5mL裂解缓冲液(2x储备溶液, 表1</st…

Representative Results

嗜热膜肉和嗜热膜的纯培养物,两者都是嗜热的产甲烷古菌,在适当的培养基中生长,如前所述29,30。对于嗜热甲膜肉,甲醇被用作能量来源,而嗜热甲膜肉瘤菌生长在H2 / CO2上。通过显微镜评估检查生长,而通过气相色谱法测量甲烷(CH4)来检查活性,如前所述31。根据所提…

Discussion

为了评估来自产甲烷纯培养物的辅因子F420 ,可以进行显微镜评估以可视化受累微生物的生长和活性(荧光显微镜)(图1)。对于来自自然环境的样品,由于与其他荧光微生物,有机和无机颗粒的干扰,使用显微镜检测或定量F420 受到限制。在这种情况下,如前所述,使用HPLC提取F420 和随后的荧光分析5不仅可以提供有关辅因子F4…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们非常感谢Colin Jackson教授对纯化辅因子F420的支持。这项研究得到了蒂罗尔科学基金(TWF)和因斯布鲁克大学(Publikationsfonds)的支持。我们非常感谢GPS,HK,SB,GG和HB的支持。

Materials

Autoclave
Biocompatible HPLC system equipped with gradient modul, oven and fluorescence detector Shimadzu HPLC system
Centrifuge and rotor for 50 mL “Falcon” tubes (11.000 rcf) and appropriate tubes
HPLC Column: Gemini NX C18, 5 μm, 150 x 3 mm Phenomenex HPLC column
PTFE filter (pore size 0.22 µm) to remove particulate matter prior HPLC analysis
Resin for SPE: Strata-X-AW 33 μm as weak anion mixed-mode polymeric sorbent Phenomenex weak anion mixed-mode polymeric sorbent
Vacuum manifold for SPE and appropriate collection tubes SPE equipment
Vortex mixer

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Cite This Article
Markt, R., Wunderer, M., Prem, E. M., Mutschlechner, M., Lackner, N., Wagner, A. O. Extraction of Cofactor F420 for Analysis of Polyglutamate Tail Length from Methanogenic Pure Cultures and Environmental Samples. J. Vis. Exp. (176), e62737, doi:10.3791/62737 (2021).

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