The Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Model as a Tool to Study Ovarian Tissue Transplantation

Summary

Here, we describe a protocol for developing a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) xenografting model for human ovarian tissue and demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique, the graft revascularization time frame, and the tissue viability across a 6 day grafting period.

Abstract

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation is an effective strategy for preserving fertility but has one major drawback, namely massive follicle loss occurring shortly after reimplantation due to abnormal follicle activation and death. Rodents are benchmark models for investigating follicle activation, but the cost, time, and ethical considerations are becoming increasingly prohibitive, thus driving the development of alternatives. The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model is particularly attractive, being inexpensive and maintaining natural immunodeficiency up to day 17 postfertilization, making it ideal to study short-term xenografting of human ovarian tissue. The CAM is also highly vascularized and has been widely used as a model to explore angiogenesis. This gives it a remarkable advantage over in vitro models and allows the investigation of mechanisms affecting the early post-grafting follicle loss process. The protocol outlined herein aims to describe the development of a CAM xenografting model for human ovarian tissue, with specific insights into the effectiveness of the technique, the graft revascularization time frame, and the tissue viability across a 6 day grafting period.

Introduction

The demand for fertility preservation for oncological and benign indications, as well as social reasons, has dramatically increased over recent decades. However, various treatments used to cure malignant and non-malignant diseases are highly toxic to the gonads and can result in iatrogenic premature ovarian insufficiency, ultimately leading to infertility¹. Established techniques for fertility preservation include embryo cryopreservation, immature or mature oocyte vitrification, and ovarian tissue cryopreservation^2,3,4. Ovarian tissue freezing is the only available option for preserving fertility in prepubertal girls or women who require immediate cancer therapy. The restoration of endocrine function following ovarian tissue transplantation occurs in over 95% of subjects, with live birth rates ranging from 18% to 42%^5,6,7,8,9.

Although the transplantation of frozen-thawed ovarian tissue has proven successful, there is still room for improvement. Indeed, as ovarian cortical fragments are transplanted without vascular anastomosis, they experience a period of hypoxia during which graft revascularization takes place^10,11,12. The vast majority of studies investigating human ovarian tissue transplantation have used a xenografting model, in which ovarian tissue is transplanted to immunodeficient mice. The complete revascularization of the xenografts takes around 10 days, with both the host and graft vessels contributing to the formation of functional vessels^12,13,14. Around 50%-90% of the follicle reserve is lost during this hypoxic window before the completion of graft revascularization^10,15,16. It has been strongly suggested that this massive follicle loss occurs through both direct follicle death, as demonstrated by a decrease in the absolute follicle numbers left after grafting, and the activation of primordial follicle growth, as indicated by changes in follicle proportions towards increased rates of growing follicles^17,18.

Interestingly, previous research works using various animal ovarian tissues grafted to chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), which has a constitution mimicking the typical grafting site of the peritoneum, have reported the inhibition of spontaneous follicle activation, with the primordial follicle reserve staying intact for up to 10 days^19,20,21,22. Our team previously demonstrated that the grafting of frozen-thawed human ovarian tissue to CAM constituted a reliable approach for investigating human ovarian tissue transplantation in its first ischemic stages²³ and recently showed that this grafting method was able to counteract follicle activation²⁴.

The CAM model is especially appealing not only because eggs are much cheaper than mice but also because of the highly vascularized nature of CAM, allowing scrutiny of the association between follicle activation and ovarian graft revascularization. The avian system is, indeed, one of the most common and versatile ways of studying angiogenesis²⁵. Chick embryo development (ED) takes 21 days until hatching, and the CAM is formed within the first 4-5 days through the fusion of the allantois and chorion²⁶. Notably, the chick embryo is a naturally immunodeficient host until day 17 of ED, so xenografting experiments can be performed without any risk of graft rejection^27,28. Moreover, the CAM model approach does not raise any ethical or legal concerns in terms of European law²⁹, making it an attractive alternative to other animal models. With regard to breeding conditions, chick embryos only need an incubator set at 37 °C with a relative air humidity of 40%-60%. These limited experimentation requirements significantly reduce the research costs compared to use of immunodeficient mice.

The protocol presented herein aims to describe the development of a CAM xenografting model for human ovarian tissue and provide specific insights into the effectiveness of the technique, the time frame of graft revascularization, and the tissue viability over a 6 day grafting period. This protocol could be of great interest for investigating the mechanisms behind early post-grafting follicle loss and studying the impact of several agents (growth factors, hormones, etc.) on this phenomenon.

Protocol

The use of human tissue was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Catholic University of Louvain. The patients gave their written informed consent for the use of their ovarian tissue for research purposes. 1. Ordering day 0 eggs that are highly likely to be embryonated Find a certified laboratory-grade Lohman-selected white Leghorn egg supplier that reports high rates of embryonated eggs, which is primarily dependent on the age of the chicks. …

Representative Results

Chick embryo survival rates The embryo survival rate from windowing (day 3 of ED) to ovarian tissue grafting (day 7 of ED) was 79% (33/42). Since the percentage of embryonated day 0 eggs is unknown, supernumerary day 0 eggs from Lohman-selected white Leghorn chickens were ordered to ensure sufficient embryonated eggs would be available for grafting. A total of 23 viable day 7 eggs were used for grafting, one of which perished during the first 24 h, resulting in an overall embryo survival rate …

Discussion

The most challenging part of the protocol described here is making the small hole required to aspirate the albumen in order to detach the CAM from the eggshell prior to creating a window. Applying too much pressure can result in overpenetration or may even crack and destroy the egg, causing irrevocable damage to the CAM and its vasculature. To keep mistakes to a minimum during initial attempts to separate the CAM, it is strongly advised to practice making small holes in the eggshell of non-fertilized, grocery-bought eggs…

Materials

Agani hypodermic needle, 19 G	Terumo Europe	AN*1950R1	19 G needle to aspirate albumen
Terumo syringe, 5 mL concentric Luer lock	Terumo Europe	SS*05LE1	5-mL sterile syringe
Caseviewer v2.2	3DHISTECH		Image analysis software
Diethyl ether	Merck Chemicals	603-022-00-4	Sterile ether to traumatize the CAM
Eosin Y aqueous solution 0.5%	Merck	1098441000	Staining solution
Formaldehyde 4% aqueous solution buffered (Formalin 10%)	VWR	97139010	Formaldehyde used for tissue fixation
Fridge	Liebherr	7081260	Fridge at 4 °C used for paraffin-embedding
Heating plate	Schott	SLK2	Hot plate used to dry the slides
Incubator	Thermo Forma Scientific 3111	10365156	Oven used for slide incubation
Leica CLS 150 XE microscope cold light source	Leica	CLS 150 XE	Focal cold light source to candle the eggs
Lens cleaning tissue, grade 541	VWR	111-5003	Tissue to soak in sterile ether to traumatize the CAM
Mayer's hematoxylin	MERCK	1092491000	Staining solution
Methanol	VWR	20847307	Methanol
Microtome	ThermoScientific-MICROM	HM325-2	Microtome
Pannoramic P250 Flash III	3DHISTECH	/	Slide scanner at 20x magnification
Paraformaldehyde	Merck	1,04,00,51,000	Paraffin-embedding solution
Paraplast Plus R	Sigma	P3683-1KG	Paraffin
Petri dish, 60×15 mm, sterile	Greiner	628161	Sterile petri dish
Pin holder	Fine Science Tools	26016-12	Pin holder
Polyhatch	Brinsea	CP01F	Egg incubator with automatic rotator
Scroll saw blade, 132 mm	Sencys	/	Saw blade to create a window in the eggshell
Stainless steel insert pins	Fine Science Tools	26007-02	Straight pin to make a hole in the eggshell
Steril-Helios	Angelantoni Industrie	ST-00275400000	Laminar flow hood
Superfrost Plus bords rodés 90°	VWR	631-9483	Glass slides
Tissue-Tek VIP 6Al	Sakura	60320417-0711 VID6E3-1	Automatic embedding device
Titanium forceps	Fine Science Tools	11602-16	Forceps for eggshell removal and ovarian tissue manipulation
Toluene, pa	VWR	28701364	Paraffin-embedding solution