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Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
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신경과학

模拟人脑空间导航的功能网络

Published: October 13, 2023
doi:
10.3791/65150
, , ,
1Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences,Zhejiang University, 2Department of Neuroscience,Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, 3Department of Psychiatry of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine

Summary

本文提出了一种研究人脑空间导航功能网络的综合方法。这种方法结合了大规模神经影像元分析数据库、静息态功能磁共振成像以及网络建模和图论技术。

Abstract

空间导航是一项复杂的功能，涉及多感官信息的整合和操作。使用不同的导航任务，在各种大脑区域（例如海马体、内嗅皮层和海马旁位置区域）的特定功能上取得了许多有希望的结果。最近，有人提出，涉及多个相互作用的大脑区域的非聚集网络过程可以更好地表征这种复杂功能的神经基础。本文提出了一种构建和分析人脑空间导航功能特异性网络的综合方法。简而言之，这种综合方法包括三个主要步骤：1）识别对空间导航很重要的大脑区域（节点定义）;2）估计这些区域中每一对之间的功能连通性，并构建连通性矩阵（网络构造）;3）研究所得网络的拓扑特性（例如，模块化和小世界性）（网络分析）。从网络的角度来看，所提出的方法可以帮助我们更好地理解我们的大脑如何在复杂和动态的环境中支持灵活的导航，并且揭示的网络拓扑特性还可以为指导临床实践中阿尔茨海默病的早期识别和诊断提供重要的生物标志物。

Introduction

功能特异性是人脑的基本组织原则，在塑造认知功能方面起着至关重要的作用1.功能特异性组织的异常可以反映标志性的认知障碍和主要脑部疾病（如自闭症和阿尔茨海默病）的相关病理基础 2,3。虽然传统理论和研究倾向于关注单个大脑区域，例如用于面部识别的梭形面部区域 （FFA）4 和用于场景处理的海马旁位置区域 （PPA）5，但越来越多的证据表明，复杂的认知功能，包括空间导航和语言，需要跨多个大脑区域的协调活动6.研究支持复杂认知功能的相互作用背后的机制是一个关键的科学问题，将有助于阐明大脑的功能结构和操作。本文以空间导航为例，提出了一种对人脑空间导航功能网络进行建模的综合方法。

空间导航是一种复杂的认知功能，它涉及多个认知组件的整合和操作，如视觉空间编码、记忆和决策7.通过功能性磁共振成像 （fMRI），许多研究在理解潜在的认知处理和神经机制方面取得了重大进展。例如，使用各种导航任务将特定功能与不同的大脑区域联系起来：场景处理与 PPA 特别相关，导航策略的转换与脾后皮层 （RSC） 相关8,9。这些研究为空间导航的神经基础提供了重要的见解。然而，导航是一种内部动态和多模态功能，单个区域的功能不足以解释通常观察到的空间导航10中的巨大个体差异。

随着基于fMRI的连接组学的出现，研究人员开始探索一些关键的大脑区域如何相互作用以支持空间导航。例如，已发现内嗅和后扣带回皮层之间的功能连接是高危阿尔茨海默病11 导航差异的基础。在另一项研究中，我们首次提出了一种网络方法，将连接组方法和几乎所有功能相关的区域（节点）整合在一起进行空间导航，结果表明该网络的拓扑特性与导航行为具有特定的关联12。这项研究为多个大脑区域如何相互作用以支持灵活导航行为的理论提供了新的见解10,13。

本工作展示了用于功能网络建模的集成方法的更新版本。简而言之，包括两项更新：1）虽然原始研究中定义的节点是基于更早和较小的数据库（55项研究，2,765次激活，2014年访问），但目前的定义是基于最新的数据库（77项研究，3,908次激活，2022年访问）;2）为了增加每个节点的功能同质性，除了原始的解剖学AAL（解剖学自动标记）图谱14外，我们还应用了一种新的脑包裹，它具有更精细的分辨率和更高的功能同质性（见下文）。我们预计这两项更新都将改进功能网络的建模。这个更新的协议提供了一个详细的过程，从网络的角度研究空间导航的神经基础，并有助于理解健康和疾病中导航行为的个体差异。类似的程序也可用于其他认知结构（例如，语言和记忆）的网络建模。

Protocol

注意：此处使用的所有软件都显示在 材料表中。本研究中用于演示目的的数据来自人类连接组项目 （HCP： http://www. humanconnectome.org）15。所有实验程序均已获得华盛顿大学机构审查委员会（IRB）的批准。HCP 数据集中的成像数据是使用带有 32 通道头线圈的改进型 3T 西门子 Skyra 扫描仪获取的。其他图像采集参数详见早先的论文16。为演示下载了最少?…

Representative Results

导航网络本研究通过结合最新的荟萃分析神经影像数据库和 AICHA 图谱，确定了 27 个与空间导航相关的大脑区域。这些区域包括内侧颞区和顶叶区，这些区域在导航神经影像学研究中很常见。这些区域的空间分布如图5A和图5C所示。作为比较，我们还在图5B和图5D中可视化了空间导?…

Discussion

网络神经科学有望帮助理解大脑网络如何支持人类认知功能32.该协议展示了一种研究人脑空间导航功能网络的综合方法，这也可以激发其他认知结构（例如语言）的网络建模。

该方法包括三个主要步骤：节点定义、网络构建和网络分析。虽然网络构建和网络分析与一般的全脑网络研究相同，但节点定义是该协议最关键的一步。此步骤利用与空间导航相关的?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

孔祥珍获得国家自然科学基金（32171031）、科技创新2030重大专项（2021ZD0200409）、中央高校基本科研专项（2021XZZX006）、浙江大学信息技术中心等项目资助。

Materials

Brain connectivity toolbox (BCT) Mikail Rubinov & Olaf Sporns  2019 The Brain Connectivity Toolbox (brain-connectivity-toolbox.net) is a MATLAB toolbox for complex-network (graph) analysis of structural and functional brain-connectivity data sets. 
GRETNA Jinhui Wang et al. 2 GRETNA is a graph theoretical network analysis toolbox which allows researchers to perform comprehensive analysis on the topology of brain connectome by integrating the most of network measures studied in current neuroscience field.
MATLAB MathWorks 2021a MATLAB is a programming and numeric computing platform used by millions of engineers and scientists to analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models.
Python Guido van Rossum et al. 3.8.6 Python is a programming language that lets you work more quickly and integrate your systems more effectively.
Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) Karl Friston et.al  12 Statistical Parametric Mapping refers to the construction and assessment of spatially extended statistical processes used to test hypotheses about functional imaging data.
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Tags

Spatial NavigationFunctional NetworkFMRIGraph Theoretical Network AnalysisGRETNANeurosynthMeta-analysisAICHAAALStatic CorrelationNetwork AnalysisSmall WorldGlobal EfficiencyClustering CoefficientShortest Path LengthDegree CentralityLocal Efficiency
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Zhang, F., Zhang, C., Pu, Y., Kong, X. Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain. J. Vis. Exp. (200), e65150, doi:10.3791/65150 (2023).
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