Summary

用于定量小 RNA 的 AQRNA-seq

Published: February 02, 2024
doi:

Summary

绝对定量 RNA 测序 (AQRNA-seq) 是一种用于定量生物混合物中所有小 RNA 景观的技术。在这里,展示了 AQRNA-seq 的文库制备和数据处理步骤,量化了饥饿诱导休眠期间 牛分枝杆菌 BCG 中转移 RNA (tRNA) 库的变化。

Abstract

AQRNA-seq 在生物样品中的测序读长计数和小 RNA 拷贝数之间提供直接的线性关系,从而能够准确定量小 RNA 库。此处描述的 AQRNA-seq 文库制备程序涉及使用定制设计的测序接头和减少甲基化 RNA 修饰的步骤,这些修饰会阻断逆转录持续合成能力,从而增加全长 cDNA 的产量。此外,还介绍了随附的生物信息学管道的详细实施。AQRNA-seq 的演示是通过对牛 分枝杆菌 BCG 中的 45 个 tRNA 进行定量分析来进行的,这些 tRNA 是在 20 天的营养剥夺和 6 天的复苏过程中在 5 天的选定时间内收获的。本文还将讨论为提高 AQRNA-seq 的效率和严谨性而做出的持续努力。这包括探索避免凝胶纯化以减轻 PCR 扩增后引物二聚体问题的方法,以及增加全长读长的比例以实现更准确的读长映射。AQRNA-seq 的未来增强功能将侧重于促进该技术的自动化和高通量实施,以量化来自不同生物体的细胞和组织样本中的所有小 RNA。

Introduction

下一代测序 (NGS),也称为大规模平行测序,是一种 DNA 测序技术,涉及 DNA 片段化、接头寡核苷酸连接、基于聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 的扩增、DNA 测序以及将片段序列重组到基因组中。NGS 对 RNA 测序的适应 (RNA-seq) 是鉴定和定量 RNA 转录本及其变体的有力方法1。RNA 文库制备工作流程和生物信息学分析管道的创新发展,加上实验室仪器的进步,扩展了 RNA-seq 的应用范围,从外显子组测序发展到高级功能组学,如非编码 RNA 分析2、单细胞分析3、空间转录组学 4,5、选择性剪接分析6等。这些先进的 RNA-seq 方法通过定量分析正常和患病细胞和组织中的转录组来揭示复杂的 RNA 功能。

尽管 RNA-seq 取得了这些进展,但几个关键技术特征限制了该方法的定量能力。虽然大多数 RNA-seq 方法允许精确定量实验变量(即生物样品和/或生理状态)之间 RNA 水平的变化,但它们无法提供样品中 RNA 分子水平的定量比较。例如,大多数 RNA-seq 方法无法准确量化表达的 tRNA 细胞库中单个 tRNA 同受体分子的相对拷贝数。正如配套出版物7 中所强调的那样,RNA-seq 的这种限制源于 RNA 结构的几个特征和文库制备的生物化学。例如,用于将 3′-和 5′-末端测序接头连接到 RNA 分子的连接酶的活性受 RNA 末端核苷酸和测序接头身份的强烈影响。这导致接头连接效率的巨大变化和测序读长的显著人为增加 8,9,10

第二组限制来自 RNA 分子的固有结构特性。具体来说,表观转录组的数十种转录后 RNA 修饰中的 RNA 二级结构形成和动态变化会导致逆转录过程中聚合酶脱落或突变。这些错误会导致 cDNA 合成不完整或截短或 RNA 序列改变。虽然这两种现象都可用于绘制二级结构或一些修饰,但如果后续文库制备步骤无法捕获截短的 cDNA,或者数据处理丢弃与参考数据集不匹配的突变序列,它们会降低 RNA-seq 的定量准确性11,12。此外,RNA 转录本的巨大化学、长度和结构多样性,以及缺乏均匀片段化长 RNA 的工具,降低了大多数 RNA-seq 方法对所有 RNA 种类的适用性13

AQRNA-seq(绝对定量 RNA 测序)方法的开发是为了消除限制定量准确性的几个技术和生物学限制7。通过在 RNA 测序文库制备过程中最大限度地减少捕获、连接和扩增中的序列依赖性偏差,AQRNA-seq 实现了与其他方法相比的卓越线性,以 2 倍的准确度准确定量了 963 个 miRNA 参考文库的 75%。测序读长计数和 RNA 丰度的这种线性相关性也存在于对可变长度 RNA 寡核苷酸标准品库的分析中,以及参考 Northern 印迹等正交方法。建立测序读长计数和 RNA 丰度之间的线性使 AQRNA-seq 能够对样品中的所有 RNA 种类进行准确、绝对的定量。

以下是 AQRNA-seq 文库制备工作流程的协议和随附的下游数据分析管道的描述。该方法用于阐明牛分 枝杆菌 卡介苗 (BCG) 结核病模型中饥饿诱导休眠和随后复苏期间 tRNA 丰度的动力学。结果用于测序数据的探索性可视化,以及随后的聚类和差异表达分析,揭示了与各种表型相关的 tRNA 丰度的可识别模式。

Protocol

注意: 图 1 提供了 AQRNA-seq 文库制备所涉及的程序的图形说明。有关程序中使用的试剂、化学品和色谱柱/试剂盒的详细信息,请参阅 材料表。建议使用 (i) 3% 琼脂糖凝胶电泳,(ii) 用于生物分子样品质量控制的自动电泳工具(参见 材料表),以及 (iii) 紫外-可见分光光度法和/或荧光定量法,对输入 RNA 样品的纯度、完整性和数量进行全面评…

Representative Results

牛分枝杆菌 经历指数增长的 BCG(卡介苗和盖兰杆菌)菌株 1173P2 受到营养饥饿的时间序列(0、4、10 和 20 天)的影响,然后在营养丰富的培养基中进行 6 天的复苏,如之前在 胡 等人所述7。从细菌培养物中分离出小 RNA,在 5 个指定时间点中的每一个时间点进行 3 次生物学重复。使用上述 AQRNA-seq 文库制备工作流程构建 Illumina 文库(图 1),然后在麻…

Discussion

AQRNA-seq 文库制备工作流程旨在最大限度地捕获样品中的 RNA,并最大限度地减少逆转录过程中聚合酶的流失7。通过两步接头连接,新型 DNA 寡核苷酸(接头 1 和接头 2)被过量连接,以完全互补样品中的 RNA。RecJf 是一种对单链 DNA 具有特异性的 5′ 至 3′ 核酸外切酶,可有效去除多余的接头,同时保持连接的产物完好无损。此外,AlkB 处理减少了 RNA18 上的甲基修饰?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

本工作的作者感谢描述 AQRNA-seq 技术的原始论文的作者7。这项工作得到了美国国立卫生研究院 (ES002109、AG063341、ES031576、ES031529、ES026856) 和新加坡国家研究基金会通过新加坡-麻省理工学院研究和技术联盟抗菌素耐药性 IRG 的资助。

Materials

2-ketoglutarate  Sigma-Aldrich 75890 Prepare a working solution (1 M) and store it at -20ºC
2100 Bioanalyzer Instrument Agilent G2938C
5'-deadenylase (50 U/μL)  New England Biolabs M0331S (component #: M0331SVIAL) Store at -20 °C
Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate (ATP)  New England Biolabs M0437M (component #: N0437AVIAL) NEB M0437M contains T4 RNA Ligase 1 (30 U/μL), T4 RNA Ligase Reaction Buffer (10X), PEG 8000 (1X), and ATP (100 mM); prepare a working solution (10 mM) and store it at -20ºC
AGAROSE GPG/LE AmericanBio AB00972-00500 Store at ambient temperature
Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate Sigma-Aldrich F2262 Prepare a working solution (0.25 M) and store it at -20 °C
Bioanalyzer Small RNA Analysis Agilent 5067-1548  The Small RNA Analysis is used for checking the quality of input RNAs and the efficiency of enzymatic reactions (e.g., Linker 1 ligation)
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA; 10 mg/mL)  New England Biolabs B9000 This product was discontinued on 12/15/2022 and is replaced with Recombinant Albumin, Molecular Biology Grade (NEB B9200).
Chloroform  Macron Fine Chemicals 4441-10
Demethylase  ArrayStar AS-FS-004 Demethylase comes with the rtStar tRNA Pretreatment & First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (AS-FS-004)
Deoxynucleotide (dNTP) Solution Mix New England Biolabs N0447L (component #: N0447LVIAL) This dNTP Solution Mix contains equimolar concentrations of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP (10 mM each)
Digital Dual Heat Block VWR Scientific Products 13259-052 Heating block is used with the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit 
DyeEx 2.0 Spin Kit  Qiagen 63204  Effective at removing short remnants (e.g., oligos less than 10 bp in length)
Electrophoresis Power Supply Bio-Rad Labrotories PowerPac 300
Eppendorf PCR Tubes (0.5 mL) Eppendorf 0030124537
Eppendorf Safe-Lock Tubes (0.5 mL) Eppendorf 022363611
Eppendorf Safe-Lock Tubes (1.5 mL) Eppendorf 022363204
Eppendorf Safe-Lock Tubes (2 mL) Eppendorf 022363352
Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol), Pure Sigma-Aldrich E7023  The pure ethanol is used with the Oligo Clean and Concentrator Kit from Zymo Research
Gel Imaging System Alpha Innotech FluorChem 8900
Gel Loading Dye, Purple (6X), no SDS New England Biolabs N0556S (component #: B7025SVIAL) NEB N0556S contains Quick-Load Purple 50 bp DNA Ladder and Gel Loading Dye, Purple (6X), no SDS
GENESYS 180 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Thermo Fisher Scientific 840-309000 The spectrophotometer is used for measuring the oligo concentrations using the Beer's law
HEPES Sigma-Aldrich H4034 Prepare a working solution (1 M; pH = 8 with NaOH) and store it at -20 °C
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)  VWR Scientific Products BDH3028  Prepare a working solution (5 M) and store it at ambient temperature
Isopropyl Alcohol (Isopropanol), Pure Macron Fine Chemicals 3032-16 Isopropanol is used with the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit 
L-Ascorbic acid Sigma-Aldrich A5960 Prepare a working solution (0.5 M) and store it at -20ºC
Microcentrifuge Eppendorf 5415D
NanoDrop 2000 Spectrophotometer Thermo Fisher Scientific ND-2000
NEBuffer 2 (10X) New England Biolabs M0264L (component #: B7002SVIAL) NEB M0264L contains RecJf (30 U/μL) and NEBuffer 2 (10X); store at -20 °C
Nuclease-Free Water (not DEPC-Treated) Thermo Fisher Scientific AM9938 
Oligo Clean & Concentrator Kit  Zymo Research D4061  Store at ambient temperature
PEG 8000 (50% solution)  New England Biolabs M0437M (component #: B1004SVIAL) NEB M0437M contains T4 RNA Ligase 1 (30 U/μL), T4 RNA Ligase Reaction Buffer (10X), PEG 8000 (1X), and ATP (100 mM); prepare a working solution (10 mM) and store it at -20ºC
Peltier Thermal Cycler MJ Research PTC-200
Phenol:choloroform:isoamyl alcohol 25:24:1 pH = 5.2  Thermo Fisher Scientific J62336 
PrimeScript Buffer (5X) TaKaRa 2680A 
PrimeScript Reverse Transcriptase TaKaRa 2680A 
QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit  Qiagen 28704 This kit requires a heating block and isopropanol to work with
Quick-Load Purple 100 bp DNA Ladder New England Biolabs N0551S (component #: N0551SVIAL)
Quick-Load Purple 50 bp DNA Ladder New England Biolabs N0556S (component #: N0556SVIAL) NEB N0556S contains Quick-Load Purple 50 bp DNA Ladder and Gel Loading Dye, Purple (6X), no SDS
RecJf (30 U/μL)  New England Biolabs M0264L (component #: M0264LVIAL) NEB M0264L contains RecJf (30 U/μL) and NEBuffer 2 (10X); store at -20 °C
RNase Inhibitor (murine; 40 U/μL)  New England Biolabs M0314L (component #: M0314LVIAL) Store at -20 °C
SeqAMP DNA Polymerase  TaKaRa 638509  TaKaRa 638509 contains SeqAMP DNA Polymerase and SeqAMP PCR Buffer (2X)
SeqAMP PCR Buffer (2X)  TaKaRa 638509  TaKaRa 638509 contains SeqAMP DNA Polymerase and SeqAMP PCR Buffer (2X)
Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase (1 U/μL)  New England Biolabs M0371L (component #: M0371LVIAL)
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Sigma-Aldrich  S5881 Prepare a working solution (5 M) and store it at ambient temperature
T4 DNA Ligase (400 U/μL)  New England Biolabs M0202L (component #: M0202LVIAL) NEB M0202L contains T4 DNA Ligase (400 U/μL) and T4 DNA Ligase Reaction Buffer (10X)
T4 DNA Ligase Reaction Buffer (10X)  New England Biolabs M0202L (component #: B0202SVIAL) NEB M0202L contains T4 DNA Ligase (400 U/μL) and T4 DNA Ligase Reaction Buffer (10X)
T4 RNA Ligase 1 (30 U/μL)  New England Biolabs M0437M (component #: M0437MVIAL) NEB M0437M contains T4 RNA Ligase 1 (30 U/μL), T4 RNA Ligase Reaction Buffer (10X), PEG 8000 (1X), and ATP (100 mM)
T4 RNA Ligase Reaction Buffer (10X)  New England Biolabs M0437M (component #: B0216SVIAL) NEB M0437M contains T4 RNA Ligase 1 (30 U/μL), T4 RNA Ligase Reaction Buffer (10X), PEG 8000 (1X), and ATP (100 mM)

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Cite This Article
Chen, R., Yim, D., Dedon, P. C. AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs. J. Vis. Exp. (204), e66335, doi:10.3791/66335 (2024).

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