A Technique to Quantify Fungal Infection in Zebrafish Larvae

Overview

This video demonstrates a method to quantify fungal infection in zebrafish larvae. Fungal spores are microinjected into the larval hindbrain ventricle, and the larvae are incubated to allow infection development. Infected larvae are harvested at defined intervals, and infection progress is assessed by enumerating colony-forming units.

Protocol

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.

1. Preparation of Aspergillus spores for injection

1. From an Aspergillus spore suspension, calculate the volume needed to obtain 1 x 10⁶ spores. The volume should be 20–100 μL; if not, produce a 10x dilution in 0.01% (v/v) sterile Tween-20 (Tween-water; Table of Materials). For example, if the calculated volume is 5 µL, produce a 10x dilution and use 50 µL of the diluted solution.
   NOTE: Two plates/strains can be prepared to collect more spores or as a spare in the case of contamination.
2. Spread 1 x 10⁶ Aspergillus spores on one glucose minimal media (GMM) plate (Table of Materials) with a sterile disposable L-shaped spreader in a biosafety cabinet. Avoid spreading to the margin of the plate. Incubate at 37 °C for 3–4 days, with the plate facing upside down.
3. On the day of collection, bring sterile miracloth and 50 mL conical tubes (two per strain), fresh bottles of sterile Tween-water (one per strain), and sterile disposable L-shaped spreaders to the biosafety cabinet.
   NOTE: Miracloth can be cut into ~8 in x 6 in pieces, wrapped in foil, and autoclaved to sterilize.
4. Place one piece of miracloth in each labeled 50 mL conical tube and re-cap. Take the remaining miracloth packet out of the hood.
5. Bring plates into the biosafety cabinet. Open one plate, then pour Tween-water on the top to cover about three-quarters of the plate.
6. Using a disposable L-shaped spreader, gently scrape the surface of the fungal culture in a back-and-forth motion, while using the other hand to rotate the plate. Scrape until almost all of the spores are homogenized into the Tween water.
   NOTE: Due to high hydrophobicity, spores can create "puffs" when Tween water is added or during scraping. Great care should be taken to avoid contamination of nearby tubes or plates. It is advised to change gloves and wipe off the surface with 70% ethanol between the extraction of different strains.
7. Take one 50 mL conical tube and remove the piece of miracloth. Fold it in half and make it into a filter inserted in the top of the 50 mL conical tube.
8. Pour the fungal homogenate from the plate over the miracloth into the tube.
   NOTE: If two plates of one strain are prepared, scrape both plates and pour them into the same conical tube.
9. Pour Tween water to bring the total volume in the conical tube to 50 mL.
10. Spin at 900 x g for 10 min. Make sure to use aerosolization-preventing caps in the centrifuge.
11. Pour off the supernatant into ~10% bleach solution to decontaminate. Pour 50 mL of sterile 1x PBS into the conical tube, then vortex or shake to resuspend the pellet.
12. Spin again at 900 x g for 10 min. Pour off the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 5 mL of sterile 1x PBS. Filter through a fresh piece of miracloth into a fresh 50 mL conical tube.
13. Make 10-fold serial dilutions (10x, 100x, 1000x) of the fungal homogenate in 1.7 mL centrifuge tubes (e.g., for the 10x solution, mix 100 µL of the fungal homogenate with 900 µL of Tween-water).
14. Choose the first dilution in which the spores are not visible when it is discharged into Tween-water and use this dilution to count the number of spores using a hemocytometer.
15. Calculate the spore concentration in the prepared fungal homogenate (water suspension) using the following formula:
    Concentration (spores/mL) = Number of spores in middle 25 boxes x dilution factor x 10⁴
16. Prepare a 1 mL stock of 1.5 x 10⁸ spores/mL in sterile 1x PBS in a 1.7 mL microcentrifuge tube. This spore preparation can be stored at 4 °C for ~4 weeks.
17. Prior to use in injections, mix 20 µL of the spore preparation with 10 µL of 1% sterile phenol red in a 1.7 mL centrifuge tube to achieve a final spore concentration of 1 x 10⁸ spores/mL. Vortex thoroughly prior to injection.
    NOTE: 1% phenol red solution should be filter-sterilized and stored in aliquots.
18. For a mock injection, mix 20 µL of 1x PBS with 10 µL of 1% sterile phenol red.

2. Preparation of agar plates for injection

1. Prepare 2% agarose in E3 medium and melt in a microwave.
2. Pour into a 100 mm x 15 mm Petri dish (~25 mL per plate), swirl to cover the plate evenly, and let cool.
3. Wrap the plate with paraffin film and store inverted at 4 °C.
4. Prior to injection, bring the plate to room temperature (RT).
5. Pour ~1 mL of filter-sterilized 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto the plate, tilt the plate to spread and cover the entire bottom, and rinse with E3.
   NOTE: 2% BSA solution can be filter-sterilized and stored as 1 mL aliquots at -20 °C. 2% BSA pre-treatment prevents larvae from sticking to the surface of the agarose.
6. Pour E3 with buffered tricaine onto the plate and let it sit until injection.

3. Zebrafish larva hindbrain ventricle microinjection

1. Manually dechorionate larvae with forceps at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) in a Petri dish.
   NOTE: Dechorionation can be performed anytime from 1.5 dpf until the time of injection.
2. Remove as much E3 as possible from the Petri dish and add buffered 300 µg/mL tricaine in E3 to anesthetize larvae.
   NOTE: A stock solution of buffered 4 mg/mL tricaine in E3 can be prepared and stored at 4 ˚C. The working solution can be made by diluting 4 mL of the stock solution up to 50 mL with E3.
3. Use a microinjection setup supplied with the pressure injector, back pressure unit, footswitch, micropipette holder, micromanipulator, and a magnetic stand and plate, all connected to a source of compressed air (Table of Materials).
4. Open the compressed air valve and turn on the microinjector. Set the pressure to ~25 PSI, pulse duration to 60 ms, and backpressure unit to 1 PSI.
5. Load a microinjection needle using a microloader pipette tip (Table of Materials) with about 3–5 µL of prepared PBS or spore suspension with phenol red. Mount the needle onto the micromanipulator.
   NOTE: Microinjection needles can be prepared as described previously. The stereo microscope used for microinjections should have an eyepiece reticle to calibrate the microinjection needle. The reticle should be calibrated with a stage micrometer, and the length of the reticle scale (µm) should be determined. The diameter of the spore suspension drop that ejects from the needle is measured depending on the number of hashes (of the reticle) that overlap with the drop.
6. Position the micromanipulator so that the end of the needle is in view at the lowest magnification under the stereo microscope. Zoom to 4x magnification, keeping the needle in view.
7. Using sharp forceps, clip the end of the needle. Press the injection pedal to visualize the size of the droplet that comes out. Keep clipping back until ~3 nL of spore suspension is injected (here, this is five hashes).
8. Move the micromanipulator and needle out of the way to avoid accidentally hitting the needle while the larvae are arranged on the injection plate.
9. Pour E3-Tricaine off the injection plate, then transfer ~24 anesthetized larvae to the injection plate with as little E3 as possible using a transfer pipet.
10. Using a small tool for manipulating zebrafish larvae (i.e., hair loop tool or eyelash tool), arrange the larvae according to the direction in which they are facing. Specifically, place all facing to the right in one row, and all facing to the left in a row below.
    NOTE: This arrangement is difficult if there is too much liquid on the plate, as the larvae will "float" out of place. However, too little liquid is also problematic if the injections take a long time, as the larvae can dry out or anesthesia wear off. Thus, careful attention should be paid to the amount of liquid on the plate throughout the entire microinjection process.
11. Adjust the microscope zoom to the lowest magnification. Bring the micromanipulator back and arrange it so that the needle is close to the larvae, at a ~30˚–60˚ angle, in the middle of the field of view.
12. Zoom in to the highest magnification and use fine adjustment knobs to further adjust the position of the needle. Verify that ~30–70 spores are coming out of the needle by injecting the spore suspension into the liquid on the plate next to the larvae. Adjust the time and pressure on the injection setup, if necessary.
    NOTE: This test should be repeated every five to six larvae, as the number of spores coming out of the needle can increase or decrease over time.
13. Starting with the row in which the larvae are facing towards the needle, move the plate so that the needle is directly above and positioned near the first larvae.
14. Moving the needle with the micromanipulator, insert the needle through the tissue around the otic vesicle to pierce through into the hindbrain ventricle. Move the plate with the other hand as necessary to get the right orientation of the larva with the angle of the needle.
15. Visually verify that the end of the needle is in the center of the hindbrain ventricle, press the foot pedal to inject spores, and gently retract the needle.
    NOTE: The phenol red dye should primarily stay within the hindbrain ventricle. A small amount may go into the midbrain, but it should not reach the forebrain or outside the brain. If it does, the volume being injected is too large, and the pressure and time should be decreased accordingly, or a new needle should be calibrated.
16. Moving down the plate, inject all the larvae in that row. Then, turn the plate around and inject all larvae into the other row.
    NOTE: Unsuccessfully injected or accidentally damaged larvae can be marked by 1) injecting into the yolk a couple of times to create a red mark or 2) dragging the larva out of the row with the needle.
17. Move the needle up and out of the way again. Zoom out to a lower magnification on the microscope. The phenol red dye should still be visible in the hindbrain of each larva.
18. First, pull away with a hair loop tool and pipette up to dispose of any larvae with unsuccessful injections. Transfer the remaining larvae into a new Petri dish by washing them off the plate with fresh sterile E3 and a transfer pipet.
19. Repeat as necessary for the final experimental sample number desired.
20. Rinse larvae at least 2x with E3 and ensure recovery from anesthesia.
21. To quantify survival without any further treatment, using a transfer pipette, transfer larvae into a 96-well plate (1 larva per well) in E3.

4. Establishment of injected and viable spore numbers

1. Immediately after injection, using a transfer pipette, randomly pick about eight of the injected larvae and transfer them to 1.7 mL centrifuge tubes (one larva per tube).
2. Euthanize larvae with tricaine or by placing them at 4 °C for 0.5–2.0 h.
3. Prepare 1 mL of 1 mg/mL ampicillin and 0.5 mg/mL kanamycin antibiotic solutions in sterile 1x PBS. The leftover solution can be stored at 4 °C and used later.
   NOTE: Stock solutions of ampicillin at 100 mg/mL and kanamycin at 50 mg/mL can be premade, filter-sterilized, and stored in aliquots at -20 °C. Dilute these 100x in 1x PBS to obtain the working solution.
4. Using a pipette, remove as much liquid as possible from the centrifuge tube, leaving the larva behind, and add 90 µL of the 1x PBS with antibiotics.
   NOTE: Antibiotics are used to prevent bacterial growth in GMM plates that may interfere with the counting of Aspergillus colonies.
5. Homogenize larvae in a tissue lyser at 1,800 oscillations/min (30 Hz) for 6 min. Spin down at 17,000 x g for 30 s.
6. Label GMM plates (one plate per homogenized larvae). Using a Bunsen burner to create a sterile environment, pipette the homogenized suspension from one tube to the middle of the GMM plate, then spread using a disposable L-shaped spreader. Avoid spreading the homogenate against the rim.
7. Incubate the plates upside down at 37 °C for 2–3 days and count the number of colonies formed (CFU).
8. To measure the number of spores alive during the infection period, pick larvae from the 96-well plates at 1–7 days post injection (dpi) and transfer them to centrifuge tubes. Euthanize and homogenize larvae to spread on GMM plates as described in steps 4.1–4.5.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Dumont forceps #5	Roboz Surgical Instrument Co.	RS-5045
Eyepiece reticle	Microscope World	RETR10	For calibrating needles, used in Stereomicroscope
Microinjector setup: Back pressure unit	Applied Scientific Instrumentation	BPU
Footswitch	Applied Scientific Instrumentation	FTSW
Micro pipet holder kit	Applied Scientific Instrumentation	M-Pip
Pressure injector	Applied Scientific Instrumentation	MPPI-3
Micromanipulator setup: Micromanipulator	Narashige (Tritech)	M-152
Magnetic stand and plate	Tritech	MINJ-HBMB
Needle puller	Sutter Instrument	P-97
Stereomicroscope	Nikon	SMZ-745
Tissuelyser II	Qiagen	85300	To homogenize larvae
Material
Agarose	Fisher	BP160-500
Ampicillin sodium salt	Fisher	AAJ6380706
BSA, fraction V	VWR	AAJ65855-22
Kanamycin sulfate	Fisher	AAJ1792406
L spreaders	Fisher	14 665 230
Microcapillary needles (no filament)	World Precision Instruments (WPI)	TW100-3
Microloader pipet tips	VWR	89009-310	To load the needle with Aspergillus suspension
Miracloth	VWR	EM475855-1R	To filter Aspergillus suspension
N-phenylthiourea	Fisher	AAL0669009	To prevent pigmentation
Phenol red, 1% solution	Fisher	57254
Tricaine (Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate, methanesulfonic acid salt)	Fisher	AC118000500	To anesthetize larvae
Tween-20	Fisher	BP337-500
Media and Solutions			Components/Recipe
E3 media: 60x E3			17.2 g NaCl, 0.76 g KCl, 2.9 g CaCl2, 4.9 g MgSO4 · 7H2O, to 1 L with H2O
1x E3			16.7 ml 60x stock, 430 ul 0.05 M NaOH, to 1 L with H2O (optional: + 3 ml 0.01% methylene blue)
Tricaine stock solution			2 g Tricaine, 5 g Na2HPO4 · 7H2O, 4.2 ml 60X E3, to 500 ml with H2O, pH to 7.0-7.5 with NaOH
Glucose minimal media (GMM) agar: GMM agar			10 g Glucose (Dextrose), 50 ml 20x Nitrate salts, 1 ml TE, to 1 L with H2O, pH to 6.5 with NaOH, + 16 g Agar, autoclave
20x Nitrate salts			120 g NaNO3, 10.4 g KCl, 10.4 g, MgSO4 · 7H2O, 30.4 g, KH2PO4, to 1 L with H2O, autoclave
Trace elements (TE)			2.20 g ZnSO4 · 7H2O, 1.10 g H3BO3, 0.50 g MnCl2 · 4H2O, 0.16 g FeSO4 · 7H2O, 0.16 g CoCl2 · 6H2O, 0.16 g CuSO4 · 5H2O, 0.11 g (NH4)6Mo7O24 · 4H2O, 5.00 g Na2EDTA, to 100 ml with H2O, dissolve stirring overnight, autoclave