ऊतक विशिष्ट प्रारंभिक चरण माउस भ्रूण का उपयोग जीन के लिए chromatin immunoprecipitation परख
Summary
हम एक chromatin immunoprecipitation (चिप) विधि प्रदर्शित करने के लिए माउस भ्रूण ऊतक में ऊतक विशिष्ट जीन की अभिव्यक्ति की शुरुआत के दौरान या बाद में ऊतक विशिष्ट जीन में कारक बातचीत की पहचान. इस प्रोटोकॉल व्यापक रूप से ऊतक विशिष्ट जीन सक्रियण के अध्ययन के लिए लागू हो सकता है के रूप में यह सामान्य भ्रूण विकास के दौरान होता है चाहिए.
Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This technique has been widely exploited in tissue culture cells, and to a lesser extent, in primary tissue. The application of ChIP to rodent embryonic tissue, especially at early times of development, is complicated by the limited amount of tissue and the heterogeneity of cell and tissue types in the embryo. Here we present a method to perform ChIP using a dissociated embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) embryo. Sheared chromatin from a single E8.5 embryo can be divided into up to five aliquots, which allows the investigator sufficient material for controls and for investigation of specific protein:chromatin interactions.
We have utilized this technique to begin to document protein:chromatin interactions during the specification of tissue-specific gene expression programs. The heterogeneity of cell types in an embryo necessarily restricts the application of this technique because the result is the detection of protein:chromatin interactions without distinguishing whether the interactions occur in all, a subset of, or a single cell type(s). However, examination of tissue-specific genes during or following the onset of tissue-specific gene expression is feasible for two reasons. First, immunoprecipitation of tissue specific factors necessarily isolates chromatin from the cell type where the factor is expressed. Second, immunoprecipitation of coactivators and histones containing post-translational modifications that are associated with gene activation should only be found at genes and gene regulatory sequences in the cell type where the gene is being or has been activated. The technique should be applicable to the study of most tissue-specific gene activation events.
In the example described below, we utilized E8.5 and E9.5 mouse embryos to examine factor binding at a skeletal muscle specific gene promoter. Somites, which are the precursor tissues from which the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs will form, are present at E8.5-9.54,5. Myogenin is a regulatory factor required for skeletal muscle differentiation 6-9. The data demonstrate that myogenin is associated with its own promoter in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Because myogenin is only expressed in somites at this stage of development 6,10, the data indicate that myogenin interactions with its own promoter have already occurred in skeletal muscle precursor cells in E8.5 embryos.
Protocol
Discussion
वर्णित चिप प्रोटोकॉल में, हम बताते हैं कि myogenic नियामक myogenin कंकाल की मांसपेशी अग्रदूत एकल E8.5 और E9.5 भ्रूण में मौजूद ऊतकों में myogenin प्रमोटर के साथ जुड़ा हुआ है. पूर्व अध्ययनों से बड़े पैमाने पर ई बॉक्स युक्त दृश?…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
इस काम आईएएनएस, जो अमेरिकी रिकवरी और पुनर्निवेश अधिनियम 2009 के माध्यम से सम्मानित किया धन शामिल R01 GM56244 NIH द्वारा समर्थित किया गया था, और R01 GM87130 NIH द्वारा JARP
Materials
| Material Name | Tipo | Company | Catalogue Number | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ChIP Assay Kit | Upstate Cell Signaling Solutions, Millipore | 17-295 | ||
| Collagenase Type II | Invitrogen | 17101015 | Dilution by 1 x PBS | |
| Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) | Gibco Labs, Invitrogen | 12100-061 | High glucose content | |
| Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline 1X (DPBS) | Gibco Labs, Invitrogen | 14190-144 | Calcium chloride free, Magnesium chloride free | |
| Fetal bovine serum (FBS) | Mediatech, Inc. | 35-010-CV | ||
| Gel extraction kit | QIAquick | 28704 | 50 reaction kit | |
| Penicillin/streptomycin stock solution | Gibco Labs, Invitrogen | 5000 μg/ml concentration | ||
| Protease Inhibitor Cocktail | Sigma-Aldrich | P8340 | ||
| Salmon sperm DNA /Protein A agarose | Millipore | 16-157 | ||
| myogenin antibody | Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. | sc-576 | ||
| Normal rabbit IgG | Millipore | 12-370 | ||
| Platinum PCR Supermix | Invitrogen | 11306-016 | ||
| GoTaq Q-PCR master mix | Promega | A6001 |
Referências
- Minard, M. E., Jain, A. K., Barton, M. C. Analysis of epigenetic alterations to chromatin during development. Genesis. 47, 559-572 (2009).
- Kuo, M. H., Allis, C. D. In vivo cross-linking and immunoprecipitation for studying dynamic Protein:DNA associations in a chromatin environment. Methods. 19, 425-433 (1999).
- Johnson, K. D., Bresnick, E. H. Dissecting long-range transcriptional mechanisms by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Methods. 26, 27-36 (2002).
- Yusuf, F., Brand-Saberi, B. The eventful somite: patterning, fate determination and cell division in the somite. Anat Embryol (Berl). 211, 21-30 (2006).
- Buckingham, M., Bajard, L., Chang, T., Daubas, P., Hadchouel, J., Meilhac, S., Montarras, D., Rocancourt, D., Relaix, F. The formation of skeletal muscle: from somite to limb. J Anat. 202, 59-68 (2003).
- Wright, W. E., Sassoon, D. A., Lin, V. K. Myogenin, a factor regulating myogenesis, has a domain homologous to MyoD. Cell. 56, 607-617 (1989).
- Edmondson, D. G., Olson, E. N. A gene with homology to the myc similarity region of MyoD1 is expressed during myogenesis and is sufficient to activate the muscle differentiation program. Genes Dev. 3, 628-640 (1989).
- Nabeshima, Y., Hanaoka, K., Hayasaka, M., Esumi, E., Li, S., Nonaka, I. Myogenin gene disruption results in perinatal lethality because of severe muscle defect. Nature. 364, 532-535 (1993).
- Hasty, P., Bradley, A., Morris, J. H., Edmondson, D. G., Venuti, J. M., Olson, E. N., Klein, W. H. Muscle deficiency and neonatal death in mice with a targeted mutation in the myogenin gene. Nature. 364, 501-506 (1993).
- Sassoon, D., Lyons, G., Wright, W. E., Lin, V., Lassar, A., Weintraub, H., Buckingham, M. Expression of two myogenic regulatory factors myogenin and MyoD1 during mouse embryogenesis. Nature. 341, 303-307 (1989).
- Brennan, T. J., Olson, E. N. Myogenin resides in the nucleus and acquires high affinity for a conserved enhancer element on heterodimerization. Genes Dev. 4, 582-595 (1990).
- Rosenthal, N., Berglund, E. B., Wentworth, B. M., Donoghue, M., Winter, B., Bober, E., Braun, T., Arnold, H. H. A highly conserved enhancer downstream of the human MLC1/3 locus is a target for multiple myogenic determination factors. Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 6239-6246 (1990).
- Braun, T., Gearing, K., Wright, W. E., Arnold, H. H. Baculovirus-expressed myogenic determination factors require E12 complex formation for binding to the myosin-light-chain enhancer. Eur J Biochem. 198, 187-193 (1991).
- Chakraborty, T., Brennan, T., Olson, E. Differential trans-activation of a muscle-specific enhancer by myogenic helix-loop-helix proteins is separable from DNA binding. J Biol Chem. 266, 2878-2882 (1991).
- French, B. A., Chow, K. L., Olson, E. N., Schwartz, R. J. Heterodimers of myogenic helix-loop-helix regulatory factors and E12 bind a complex element governing myogenic induction of the avian cardiac alpha-actin promoter. Mol Cell Biol. 11, 2439-2450 (1991).
- Brennan, T. J., Chakraborty, T., Olson, E. N. Mutagenesis of the myogenin basic region identifies an ancient protein motif critical for activation of myogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 88, 5675-5679 (1991).
- Lassar, A. B., Davis, R. L., Wright, W. E., Kadesch, T., Murre, C., Voronova, A., Baltimore, D., Weintraub, H. Functional activity of myogenic HLH proteins requires hetero-oligomerization with E12/E47-like proteins in vivo. Cell. 66, 305-315 (1991).
- Chakraborty, T., Brennan, T. J., Li, L., Edmondson, D., Olson, E. N. Inefficient homooligomerization contributes to the dependence of myogenin on E2A products for efficient DNA binding. Mol Cell Biol. 11, 3633-3641 (1991).
- Cserjesi, P., Olson, E. N. Myogenin induces the myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor MEF-2 independently of other muscle-specific gene products. Mol Cell Biol. 11, 4854-4862 (1991).
- Braun, T., Arnold, H. H. The four human muscle regulatory helix-loop-helix proteins Myf3-Myf6 exhibit similar hetero-dimerization and DNA binding properties. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 5645-5651 (1991).
- Serna, d. e. l. a., L, I., Ohkawa, Y., Berkes, C. A., Bergstrom, D. A., Dacwag, C. S., Tapscott, S. J., Imbalzano, A. N. MyoD targets chromatin remodeling complexes to the myogenin locus prior to forming a stable DNA-bound complex. Mol Cell Biol. 25, 3997-4009 (2005).
- Blais, A., Tsikitis, M., Acosta-Alvear, D., Sharan, R., Kluger, Y., Dynlacht, B. D. An initial blueprint for myogenic differentiation. Genes Dev. 19, 553-569 (2005).
- Cao, Y., Kumar, R. M., Penn, B. H., Berkes, C. A., Kooperberg, C., Boyer, L. A., Young, R. A., Tapscott, S. J. Global and gene-specific analyses show distinct roles for Myod and Myog at a common set of promoters. EMBO J. 25, 502-511 (2006).
- Ohkawa, Y., Yoshimura, S., Higashi, C., Marfella, C. G., Dacwag, C. S., Tachibana, T., Imbalzano, A. N. Myogenin and the SWI/SNF ATPase Brg1 maintain myogenic gene expression at different stages of skeletal myogenesis. J Biol Chem. 282, 6564-6570 (2007).
- Davie, J. K., Cho, J. H., Meadows, E., Flynn, J. M., Knapp, J. R., Klein, W. H. Target gene selectivity of the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor myogenin in embryonic muscle. Dev Biol. 311, 650-664 (2007).
- Metivier, R., Penot, G., Hubner, M. R., Reid, G., Brand, H., Kos, M., Gannon, F. Estrogen receptor-alpha directs ordered, cyclical, and combinatorial recruitment of cofactors on a natural target promoter. Cell. 115, 751-763 (2003).
- Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D. D., Seidman, J. G., Smith, J. A., Struhl, K. . Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. , (2010).
