सिंथेटिक, मल्टी लेयर, स्व - oscillating गायन मोड़ो मॉडल निर्माण

Summary

सिंथेटिक मुखर गुना मॉडल fabricating के लिए पद्धति में वर्णित है. जीवन आकार मॉडल हैं और मानव मुखर परतों के बहु परत संरचना नकल. परिणाम मॉडलों के लिए फेफड़ों के दबाव के बराबर दबाव पर आत्म थरथराना और प्रवाह प्रेरित थरथानेवाला प्रतिक्रिया है कि मानव मुखर परतों के उन लोगों के लिए समान हैं का प्रदर्शन दिखाते हैं.

Abstract

Sound for the human voice is produced via flow-induced vocal fold vibration. The vocal folds consist of several layers of tissue, each with differing material properties ¹. Normal voice production relies on healthy tissue and vocal folds, and occurs as a result of complex coupling between aerodynamic, structural dynamic, and acoustic physical phenomena. Voice disorders affect up to 7.5 million annually in the United States alone ² and often result in significant financial, social, and other quality-of-life difficulties. Understanding the physics of voice production has the potential to significantly benefit voice care, including clinical prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of voice disorders.

Existing methods for studying voice production include in vivo experimentation using human and animal subjects, in vitro experimentation using excised larynges and synthetic models, and computational modeling. Owing to hazardous and difficult instrument access, in vivo experiments are severely limited in scope. Excised larynx experiments have the benefit of anatomical and some physiological realism, but parametric studies involving geometric and material property variables are limited. Further, they are typically only able to be vibrated for relatively short periods of time (typically on the order of minutes).

Overcoming some of the limitations of excised larynx experiments, synthetic vocal fold models are emerging as a complementary tool for studying voice production. Synthetic models can be fabricated with systematic changes to geometry and material properties, allowing for the study of healthy and unhealthy human phonatory aerodynamics, structural dynamics, and acoustics. For example, they have been used to study left-right vocal fold asymmetry ^3,4, clinical instrument development ⁵, laryngeal aerodynamics ^6-9, vocal fold contact pressure ¹⁰, and subglottal acoustics ¹¹ (a more comprehensive list can be found in Kniesburges et al. ¹²)

Existing synthetic vocal fold models, however, have either been homogenous (one-layer models) or have been fabricated using two materials of differing stiffness (two-layer models). This approach does not allow for representation of the actual multi-layer structure of the human vocal folds ¹ that plays a central role in governing vocal fold flow-induced vibratory response. Consequently, one- and two-layer synthetic vocal fold models have exhibited disadvantages ^3,6,8 such as higher onset pressures than what are typical for human phonation (onset pressure is the minimum lung pressure required to initiate vibration), unnaturally large inferior-superior motion, and lack of a “mucosal wave” (a vertically-traveling wave that is characteristic of healthy human vocal fold vibration).

In this paper, fabrication of a model with multiple layers of differing material properties is described. The model layers simulate the multi-layer structure of the human vocal folds, including epithelium, superficial lamina propria (SLP), intermediate and deep lamina propria (i.e., ligament; a fiber is included for anterior-posterior stiffness), and muscle (i.e., body) layers ¹. Results are included that show that the model exhibits improved vibratory characteristics over prior one- and two-layer synthetic models, including onset pressure closer to human onset pressure, reduced inferior-superior motion, and evidence of a mucosal wave.

Protocol

निर्माण अनुक्रम (चित्र देखें 1.) मुखर गुना मॉडल परतों के लिए molds बनाने, क्रमिक रूप से सिलिकॉन परतों कास्टिंग, और परीक्षण के लिए बढ़ते मॉडल के होते हैं . शरीर, बंधन, सतही लामिना propria, और उपकला एक एकल…

Discussion

सिंथेटिक मुखर गुना मॉडल पैदावार मॉडल है कि थरथानेवाला कि मानव मुखर परतों के समान व्यवहार एक्ज़िबिट fabricating का यह तरीका है. बहु परत कम शुरुआत दबाव और बेहतर मॉडल गति के मामले में, पिछले एक और दो ​​परत मॉडल ^3,…

Materials

Name of the reagent	Company	Catalogue number	Comments
High Vacuum Grease	Dow Corning	01018817
Pol-Ease 2300	Polytek	Pol-Ease2300-1	Release agent
Smooth-Sil 950	Smooth-On	Smooth-Sil 950	Mold making material
Vacuum Pump	Edwards	E2M2
Vacuum Chamber	Kartell	230
Pressure Gage	Marsh Bellofram	11308252A
Straight Razor	Husky	008-045-HKY
Ecoflex 00-30	Smooth-On	Ecoflex 00-30
Silicone Thinner	Smooth-On	Silicone Thinner
Dragon Skin	Smooth-On	Dragon Skin 10 FAST
Thread	Omega	OmegaCrys	Use only clear fibers
Silicone Dye	Smooth-On	Silc Pig Black
Silicone Glue	Smooth-On	Sil-Poxy
Talc Powder	Western Family