Изучение Протеолиз циклин B на одном уровне клеток в популяции клеток Всего
Summary
Метафазы к анафазе переход срабатывает через анафазе способствующих комплекса (APC / C)-зависимых убиквитинирования и последующее уничтожение циклин B. Здесь мы создали систему, которая после импульсно-погоня маркировки, позволяет контролировать протеолиза циклин B во всей популяции клеток и облегчает обнаружение вмешательства митотической контрольно-пропускном пункте.
Abstract
Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies during chromosome separation are a hallmark of malignancy and associated with progressive disease 2-4. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a mitotic surveillance mechanism that holds back cells at metaphase until every single chromosome has established a stable bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle1. The SAC exerts its function by interference with the activating APC/C subunit Cdc20 to block proteolysis of securin and cyclin B and thus chromosome separation and mitotic exit. Improper attachment of chromosomes prevents silencing of SAC signaling and causes continued inhibition of APC/CCdc20 until the problem is solved to avoid chromosome missegregation, aneuploidy and malignant growths1.
Most studies that addressed the influence of improper chromosomal attachment on APC/C-dependent proteolysis took advantage of spindle disruption using depolymerizing or microtubule-stabilizing drugs to interfere with chromosomal attachment to microtubules. Since interference with microtubule kinetics can affect the transport and localization of critical regulators, these procedures bear a risk of inducing artificial effects 5.
To study how the SAC interferes with APC/C-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B during mitosis in unperturbed cell populations, we established a histone H2-GFP-based system which allowed the simultaneous monitoring of metaphase alignment of mitotic chromosomes and proteolysis of cyclin B 6.
To depict proteolytic profiles, we generated a chimeric cyclin B reporter molecule with a C-terminal SNAP moiety 6 (Figure 1). In a self-labeling reaction, the SNAP-moiety is able to form covalent bonds with alkylguanine-carriers (SNAP substrate) 7,8 (Figure 1). SNAP substrate molecules are readily available and carry a broad spectrum of different fluorochromes. Chimeric cyclin B-SNAP molecules become labeled upon addition of the membrane-permeable SNAP substrate to the growth medium 7 (Figure 1). Following the labeling reaction, the cyclin B-SNAP fluorescence intensity drops in a pulse-chase reaction-like manner and fluorescence intensities reflect levels of cyclin B degradation 6 (Figure 1). Our system facilitates the monitoring of mitotic APC/C-dependent proteolysis in large numbers of cells (or several cell populations) in parallel. Thereby, the system may be a valuable tool to identify agents/small molecules that are able to interfere with proteolytic activity at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Moreover, as synthesis of cyclin B during mitosis has recently been suggested as an important mechanism in fostering a mitotic block in mice and humans by keeping cyclin B expression levels stable 9,10, this system enabled us to analyze cyclin B proteolysis as one element of a balanced equilibrium 6.
Protocol
Discussion
Мы приведем здесь живой клетке изображений подход, основанный на содействие одновременного мониторинга циклин B протеолиза и хромосомы выравнивания. Такой подход позволяет исследовать митотический управления в невозмущенной клеточных популяций на одном уровне клетки. Cyclin кривые B д?…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Мы благодарны С. Тейлор за предоставление pLPCX-гистонов H2-GFP плазмиды. Мы благодарим Р. Mertelsmann за постоянную поддержку. Эта работа была поддержана Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
Materials
| Name of product | Company | Catalogue number | Comments (optional) |
| Reporter cell line | generated in-house as described 6 | clone 11 reporter cells (U2Os-based cyclin B-SNAP expressing cells) |
|
| Retroviral cyclin B-SNAP expression vector | generated in-house as described 6 | pLNCX2-cyclin B mut5-SNAP | |
| Phenolred-free DMEM | Gibco | 21063-029 | Supplementation with FCS, sodium pyruvate, penicillin/strepto-mycin required |
| SNAP-Cell TMR-Star | New England Biolabs | S9105S | Stock solution 400 μM in DMSO |
| Special Opstics Plate, 96 well | Costar | 3720 | |
| μ-Slide 8 well, ibiTreat | Ibidi | 80826 | |
| Microscopy unit | Olympus | IX-81 inverse microscope with climate chamber | |
| Objective | Olympus | UPLSAPO 20x objective (N.A. 0.75) | |
| Acquisition software | Olympus | Scan^R Acquisition software (v.2.2.09) | |
| Analysis software | Olympus | Scan^R Analysis software (v.1.2.0.6) |
Referências
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