并行定量的导电性和力学性能测试的有机光伏材料利用原子力显微镜
Summary
有机光伏（OPV）材料在纳米尺度本质上是不均匀的。纳米非均匀性，OPV材料的影响，光伏设备的性能。在本文中，我们描述了一个协议，用于低于100纳米的分辨率OPV材料的电气和机械性能的定量测量。
Abstract
有机光伏（OPV）材料在纳米尺度本质上是不均匀的。纳米非均匀性，OPV材料的影响，光伏设备的性能。因此，了解空间组成的变化以及OPV材料的电性能向前推动光伏技术是极为重要的。1,2在本文中，我们描述了协议的OPV材料的电气和机械性能的定量测量子-100纳米的分辨率。目前，材料的性能进行测量，用市售基于AFM的的技术（PeakForce，导电AFM），一般只提供定性信息。与文献数据的值性以及杨氏模量测定，用我们的方法对典型的ITO / PEDOT：PSS/P3HT：PC 61 BM系统有很好的对应。 P3HT：PC 61 BM的混合分离到PC 61 BM丰富和P3HT丰富的domai纳秒。的PC 61 BM丰富和P3HT丰富域的机 械性能是不同的，它允许为域归属的膜的表面上。更重要的是，机械和电气的数据相结合，允许相关的域结构的表面上的膜的膜的厚度通过测量与电性能变化。
Introduction
作为带来了一个焦点上OPV技术的最新突破，功率转换效率（PCE）的有机光伏（OPV）细胞（推在细胞水平的10％）3，在演唱会遵守与高通量和低成本的制造工艺4廉价的大面积的太阳能电池的制造的挑战可能的解决方案。 OPV材料在纳米尺度本质上是不均匀的。 OPV材料的纳米尺度的不均匀性和光电器件的性能有着密切的联系。因此，了解成分不均匀性，以及OPV材料的电性能OPV技术向前发展是极为重要的。自1986年以来已经发展成为原子力显微镜（AFM）表面形貌的高精度测量的工具。如今，技术材料的性能（杨氏模量，功能6-10工作，11行为ivity 13日至15日，12机电，等）的测量，正吸引着越来越多的关注。在OPV材料的情况下，本地的物相组成和电性能的相关性，揭示更好地了解有机太阳能电池的内部运作带来了希望。1，16-17基于原子力显微镜的高分辨率相技术能够归属8作为电性能，在聚合材料中的映射。因此，在原则上，聚合物相组合物（通过机械测量）18和电气性能的相关性的是可以使用基于AFM的技术。许多基于AFM的技术，材料的机械和电气性能的测量使用AFM探针和表面之间的接触面积不变的假设。这种假设经常失败，从而导致表面形貌之间的强相关性与机械/电气性能。最近，一种新的原子力显微镜为基础的技术高通量测量的机械的属性（PeakForce）19。 PeakForce的金枪鱼（变化的PeakForce方法）提供了一个平台，同时测量的样品的机械和电气性能。然而，PeakForce金枪鱼方法生产的机械和电气性能的地图，这通常是密切相关的，因为在测量过程中的接触下落不明变异。在本文中，我们提出了一个实验性协议，用于删除相关性，与不同的接触半径利用原子力显微镜的机械和电气性能，同时保持精确的测量。实现材料的电阻和杨氏模量的定量测量结果的协议。
Protocol
1。信号采集安装样品（无阴极聚合物太阳能电池（ITO / PEDOT：PC 61 BM PSS/P3HT））的商业模AFM（Veeco公司，圣巴巴拉，CA）配备了奈米级-V控制器。 安装导电原子力显微镜探针原子力显微镜探针持有人模。 创建AFM探针，样品和电压源之间的电连接。 路线的电流放大器的输出（电流信号），多模AFM偏转输出（力信号），多模的AFM样品高度的输出（距离信?…
Representative Results
上述的杨氏模量和电阻率的映射（ 图3）本典型的测量结果。机械和电气性能的ITO / PEDOT：PSS/P3HT：PC 61 BM堆栈测定在负（-10 V）和正极（6 V）的电压施加到AFM探针。与静电相互作用的原子力显微镜探针与样品的成像伪影，利用原子力显微镜定量测量的功能特性，是一种常见的问题。在不同电压下的相似性测量的杨氏模量大小演示静电工件相对于如上所述的测量协议的鲁棒性。?…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
MPN是感谢主任的奖学金计划提供财政支持。 ，MPN要感谢曾育志与发展的协议，用于太阳能电池加工的帮助。这项工作是在纳米材料研究中心，美国能源部科学办公室，办公室基础能源科学用户设施的合同号DE-AC02-06CH11357。
Materials
| Name of Reagent/Material | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Plextronics inks | Plexcore | PV 1000 | |
| ITO-coated glass substrates | Delta Technologies, Inc | 25 Ohms/sq | |
| 30 MHz synthesized function generator | Stanfor Research Systems | DS345 | |
| Current amplifier | Femto | DLPCA-200 | |
| Multimode AFM | Veeco, Santa Barbara, CA | equipped with Nanoscope-V controller | |
| DAQ card | National Instruments | NI-PCI-6115 | |
| Metal Pt probes | RMNano | 12Pt3008 | |
| MATLAB software | Mathworks | ||
| LabView software | National Instruments |
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Citar este artigo
Nikiforov, M. P., Darling, S. B. Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM. J. Vis. Exp. (71), e50293, doi:10.3791/50293 (2013).