动态肩胛运动学使用的肩峰标记集群尽量减少与皮肤运动伪影测量
Summary
这份报告介绍了如何采用采用被动标志动作捕捉设备时获得肩胛运动学的肩峰标记集群方法的细节。如在文献中进行了描述，该方法提供肩胛运动学一个健壮的，非侵入性的，三维的，动态的和有效的测量，尽量减少皮肤的运动伪影。
Abstract
动态肩胛运动学测量是复杂的，由于在皮肤表面下方的肩胛骨的滑动性质。这项研究的目的是为了清楚地描述确定肩胛运动学使用无源标记物运动捕捉系统时，考虑为错误的可能影响测量的有效性和可靠性的来源的肩峰标记簇（AMC）方法。 AMC方式包括将标记簇在后部肩峰，并通过解剖标志校准相对于所述标记簇有可能获得肩胛运动学测量值有效。该方法的可靠性2天之间进行了检查在一组的，因为它们进行的臂抬高15健康个体（年龄19-38岁，8名男性），以120℃，并降低在额叶，肩胛和矢状平面。结果表明，日之间的可靠性是有利于向上旋转肩胛骨（系数MULT的IPLE相关性; CMC = 0.92）和后倾（CMC = 0.70），但公平在手臂抬高阶段内旋（CMC = 0.53）。波形误差较低向上旋转（2.7°至4.4°）和后倾斜（1.3°至2.8°），相对于内旋（5.4°至7.3°）。在降低阶段的可靠性媲美在海拔阶段观察到的结果。如果在这项研究中列出的协议遵守，对AMC的高度和手臂的运动降低阶段期间提供向上旋转和后倾的可靠测量。
Introduction
肩胛运动学的客观，定量测定可以在在肩部撞击2-8观察到臂抬高提供与肩功能障碍相关联的异常的运动模式，如减少向上旋转，后倾斜的评估。肩胛运动学测量，但是，是困难的，因为骨骼的深位置和滑翔自然皮肤表面1之下。安装反光标记过的解剖标志不充分跟踪肩胛骨，因为它下滑皮肤表面之下9典型的运动测量技术。各种方法已被采用在整个文献中，克服这些困难，包括;成像（X射线或磁共振）10-14，测角仪15,16，骨销钉17-22，手动触诊23,24，和肩峰方法3,5,19,25。每一种方法，然而，也有其局限性，其中包括：前曝光辐射，在二维图像为基础的分析的情况下的投影误差，需要反复肩胛骨的位置的主观解释，是静态的性质或具有高度侵入性（ 例如骨引脚）。
中的溶液，以克服这些困难的是采用其中一个电磁传感器安装肩峰25，骨的平坦部分，其在前方肩胛骨从脊柱领先最外侧部分延伸的平坦部肩峰方法肩胛骨。使用肩峰方法背后的原理构思是减少皮肤的运动伪影，因为肩峰已经显示出具有最少量的皮肤运动伪影比其他网站上肩胛骨26。肩峰方法是非侵入性的，并提供肩胛运动学动态三维测量。验证研究已经显示肩峰方法臂埃尔期间是有效的高达120°使用电磁传感器17,27时evation阶段。当使用基于标记的动作捕捉装置的一系列排列成簇，肩峰标记簇（AMC）的标记，是必要的，已被证明使用活性标志物的动作捕捉系统28时是有效的，并同时使用的无源标记物在手臂抬高和手臂降低29动作捕捉系统。
使用AMC的带有被动标记的动作捕捉装置，用于测量肩胛运动学已经用来评估以下内容的介入来解决肩部撞击30在肩胛运动学变化。的有效使用这种方法，然而，依赖于准确地施加标记的簇的能力，其位置已被证明影响的结果31，校准解剖学界标32和确保臂动作内的运动的有效范围（ 即低于120°手臂抬高）29。它也有人建议将标记簇的再施用，使用有源基于标记的动作捕捉系统的时候，被认为是增加了错误的来源为肩胛后倾斜28。中，因此，重要的是建立肩峰方法的日间可靠性，以确保它提供肩胛运动学的稳定措施。确保测量是可靠将使变化肩胛运动学，由于干预，例如，要被测量和检查。用于测量肩胛运动学的方法已在别处29,33描述本研究的目的是为使用被动标记运动捕捉系统应用这些方法，并考虑到误差的潜在来源提供一步一步的指导和参考工具，并且检查测量方法的可靠性。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
方法的确定肩胛运动学的选择是至关重要的，考虑的有效性，可靠性和适宜性进行研究性学习应给予。各种方法已被采用在整个文献，但每一种方法都有其局限性。肩峰标记簇通过提供肩胛骨的非侵入性的动态运动测量克服了许多这些限制，诸如从2D成像或要求肩胛骨的位置的重复解释投影误差。然而，该AMC方式仍然容易受到皮肤运动伪影，尤其是在较高的臂的仰角和使成问题的方法，在这些较?…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work lies within the multidisciplinary Southampton Musculoskeletal Research Unit (Southampton University Hospitals Trust/University of Southampton) and the Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis. The authors wish to thank their funding sources; Arthritis Research UK for funding of laboratory equipment (Grant No: 18512) and Vicon Motion System, Oxford UK for providing funding for a PhD studentship (M.Warner). The authors also wish to thank the participants, and Kate Scott and Lindsay Pringle for their help with participant recruitment.
Materials
| Name of Material/ Equipment | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description |
| Passive marker capture system | Vicon Motion Systems | N/A | |
| Nexus | Vicon Motion Systems | N/A | Data capture software |
| Bodybuilder | Vicon Motion Systems | N/A | Modeling software |
| 14 mm retro reflective markers | Vicon Motion Systems | VACC-V162B | |
| 6.5mm retro reflective markers | Vicon Motion Systems | VACC-V166 | |
| Calibration wand | Vicon Motion Systems | N/A | |
| Plastic base | N/A | N/A | Constructed 'in-house' |
| Matlab | Mathworks | N/A | Numerical modelling software |
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