Summary

L'utilisation de Microscale Silicon Cantilevers pour évaluer cellulaire contractile Fonction<em> In Vitro</em

Published: October 03, 2014
doi:

Summary

Ce protocole décrit l'utilisation de leviers de silicium micro-échelle que les surfaces souples de culture pour mesurer la contractilité des cellules musculaires in vitro. Contraction cellulaire provoque une flexion en porte à faux, qui peut être mesuré, enregistré et converti en lectures de force, en fournissant un système non invasif pour la mesure et s'adaptent fonction contractile in vitro.

Abstract

Le développement de tests in vitro prédictifs et biologiquement pertinents repose sur la promotion des systèmes de culture cellulaire polyvalents qui facilitent l'évaluation fonctionnelle des cellules ensemencées. A cet effet, la technologie de micro-cantilever offre une plate-forme permettant de mesurer les fonctions de contraction d'une gamme de types de cellules, y compris squelettique, cardiaque, et les cellules musculaires lisses, grâce à l'évaluation de la contraction induite par le substrat de pliage. Application des réseaux multiplexés en porte à faux fournit les moyens pour développer des protocoles modérée à forte capacité d'évaluation de l'efficacité des médicaments et de la toxicité, le phénotype de la maladie et de progression, ainsi que les interactions neuromusculaires et autre cellule-cellule. Ce manuscrit fournit les détails de fabrication de tableaux en porte à faux fiables à cet effet, et les méthodes requises pour mener des cellules de culture sur ces surfaces. Une description plus détaillée est fournie sur les mesures nécessaires pour effectuer anal fonctionnelleyse de types de cellules contractiles maintenu sur de tels réseaux à l'aide d'un laser selon l'invention et d'un système photo-détecteur. Les données représentatives présente les points saillants de la précision et de la nature reproductible de l'analyse de la fonction contractile possible d'utiliser ce système, ainsi que le large éventail d'études à laquelle cette technologie peut être appliquée. L'adoption généralisée de succès de ce système pourrait fournir aux enquêteurs les moyens d'effectuer des études fonctionnelles, à faible coût rapides in vitro, conduisant à des prévisions plus précises de la performance des tissus, le développement de la maladie et la réponse au traitement thérapeutique.

Introduction

The in vitro culture of muscle cells from both human and rodent sources has been possible for decades1,2. However, while standard coverslip preparations are useful for biochemical assessment, they do not facilitate analysis of the cell’s primary functional output (contractility), and therefore are of somewhat limited value as a means to assess cellular maturation and performance. In order to maximize the amount of data obtainable from such in vitro cultures, it is necessary to advance the development of systems capable of housing such cells in configurations that permit the real-time assessment of their functional performance. The establishment of a multitude of three dimensional muscle models has made some progress toward fulfilling this need, and such systems have been used in a number of publications as a means to assess the contractile capacity of cultured muscle cells in vitro3-5. While such systems are invaluable for tissue modeling and reconstruction studies, they are limited in their applicability for studies of single cell responses. In such cases where single fiber studies are necessary, complex and labor intensive ex vivo methodologies remain the only option6-10. Furthermore, current movement toward the development of complex, multi-organ platforms for drug development and screening protocols requires the establishment of systems which are non-invasive, easily scalable and which integrate readily with supporting cells and tissue models11.

Microscale cantilevers offer a simple method for assessing the functional contractile capacity of single cells/small populations of cells12,13. The technique is based on modified Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technology14, and uses a laser and photo-detector system to measure microscale cantilever deflection in response to cultured myotube contractile activity. Modified Stoney’s equations are then used to calculate stress in the myotube, and the force exerted by the myotube in order to generate the observed substrate deflection15. A scanning program has been written which enables simultaneous assessment of multiplexed cantilever arrays, offering potential moderate to high through-put applications for drug toxicity/efficacy studies15,16. Such technology may prove invaluable in the development of functional, pre-clinical assays for predicting drug efficacy in vivo. Furthermore, fabrication of cantilever chips in silicon does not impede post analysis processing of cells for standard biomolecular assays such as immunostaining, western blotting and PCR.

This manuscript provides detailed instructions on the fabrication and preparation of microscale silicon cantilevers, the hardware and software set-up, and the operating guidelines for assessing the functionality of contractile cells cultured on these chips. Standard cell culture techniques can be implemented for plating and maintenance of cells on these surfaces, hence any contractile cell type for which reliable culture parameters exist should be able to integrate with this device with ease. The relatively simple 2D culture parameters utilized in this system makes integration of other cell models or addition of cell types that can interact with muscle (such as innervating neurons) straight-forward, greatly increasing the applicability of this model in the development of more complex functional in vitro assays and multi-organ models of mammalian systems.

Protocol

1.-faux fabrication de puces Détails illustrés des étapes de fabrication décrites sont fournies sur la figure 1. Placez plaques de silicium sur isolant (SOI) dans un four et cuire au four à 125 ° C pendant 20 min pour les déshydrater. Déposer une couche épaisse d'oxyde de silicium de 1,5 pm sur la couche de poignée de la plaquette SOI déshydraté au moyen d'un Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) outil. Placer la…

Representative Results

Culture réussie des cellules contractiles sur des consoles est une procédure relativement simple, en utilisant des techniques classiques de culture cellulaire (figure 5). Le pourcentage de consoles supportant les cellules contractants varie en fonction du type de cellule en cours d'examen et la technique de culture spécifique utilisé. En utilisant des cellules embryonnaires primaires dérivées de membres postérieurs chez le rat, l'activité contractile a été détecté sur 12% des cantile…

Discussion

Les étapes essentielles de l'analyse microscopique des consoles de preuve de contraction cellulaire sont le placement de la puce de porte à faux à l'intérieur de la platine du microscope, et l'alignement ultérieur du laser et photo-détecteur à l'extrémité des leviers de coin dans la matrice. Si ce n'est pas fait correctement, le logiciel ne pourra pas extrapoler les positions des consoles restantes dans le tableau, qui pourrait conduire à l'accumulation de faux négatifs lors de la coll…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Cette recherche a été financée par l'Institut national de numéros de subventions santé R01NS050452 et R01EB009429. La fabrication des puces en porte à faux a été réalisée à l'extérieur par des collaborateurs à l'installation de NanoFabrication situé à l'Université Cornell. Tout l'équipement utilisé dans le procédé de fabrication en porte à faux a été localisé dans cette installation. Un merci spécial à Mandy Esch et Jean-Matthieu Prot pour leur aide avec cantilever micro-fabrication. animation de la vidéo de la fonctionnalité de console a été généré par Charles Hughes, Alex Zelenin et Eric Imperiale du Laboratoire de réalité synthétique à l'ICU.

Materials

Name of material/ equipment Company Catalog number Comments/ Description
Primary rat muscle growth medium
Neurobasal medium Life Technologies 21103-049  N/A
B27 (50x) Life Technologies 17504044 1x
Glutamax (100x) Life Technologies 35050061 1x
G5 supplement Life Technologies 17503-012  1x
Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Cell sciences CRG400B 20 ng/ ml
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Cell sciences CRB600B 20 ng/ ml
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Cell sciences CRC400A 40 ng/ ml
Neurotrophin-3 Cell sciences CRN500B 20 ng/ ml
Neurotrophin-4 Cell sciences CRN501B 20 ng/ ml
Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Life Technologies 13241-013  25 ng/ ml
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Life Technologies P2654 20 ng/ ml
Cardiotrophin-1 Cell sciences CRC700B 20 ng/ ml
Heparin Sulphate Sigma D9809  100 ng/ ml
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Sigma L5158  20 ng/ ml
Vitronectin Sigma V0132 100 ng/ ml
Primary rat muscle differentiation medium
NB Activ 4 Brain Bits LLC NB4-500 N/A
Equipment
Class 2 red diode laser Newport N/A
Photo-detector Noah Industries N/A
Model 2100 Pulse stimulator A-M systems N/A
Multiclamp 700B Digitizer Axon Instruments N/A
Patch clamp microscope and stage Olympus N/A
Delta T4 culture dish controller Bioptechs N/A
Axoscope software Molecular Devices N/A
LabVIEW software National Instruments N/A
37oC, 5% CO2 incubator NAPCO N/A
Class 2 microbiological flow hood Labconco N/A
Pipettes and tips Eppendorf N/A

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Smith, A. S., Long, C. J., McAleer, C., Bobbitt, N., Srinivasan, B., Hickman, J. J. Utilization of Microscale Silicon Cantilevers to Assess Cellular Contractile Function In Vitro. J. Vis. Exp. (92), e51866, doi:10.3791/51866 (2014).

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