Nutzung von Microscale Siliziumcantilevern to Cellular Kontraktionsfähigkeit beurteilen<em> In-vitro-</em
Summary
Dieses Protokoll beschreibt die Verwendung von Mikro Siliziumcantilevern biegsam Kulturoberflächen zur Messung der Kontraktionskraft der Muskelzellen in vitro. Zellkontraktion bewirkt Cantilever Biege, die gemessen werden können, aufgezeichnet und umgerechnet in die Messwerte von Kraft und bietet eine nicht-invasive und skalierbaren System zur Messung Kontraktionsfunktion in vitro.
Abstract
Die Entwicklung von mehr vorausschauende und biologisch relevanten in-vitro-Tests liegt auf der Weiterentwicklung der vielseitigen Zellkultursysteme, die die funktionelle Beurteilung der gesetzten Zellen zu erleichtern sagt. Zu diesem Zweck bietet Mikrotechnik Ausleger eine Plattform, mit der die Funktionalität der Kontraktions einer Reihe von Zelltypen, einschließlich Skelett, Herz und Zellen der glatten Muskulatur zu messen, durch die Bewertung der Kontraktion induziert Substrat Biegen. Anwendung der gemultiplexten Auslegerarrays stellt die Mittel zur Entwicklung moderaten bis hohen Durchsatz Protokolle zur Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit von Medikamenten und Toxizität, Krankheits-Phänotyp und Progression sowie neuromuskuläre und andere Zell-Zell-Interaktionen. Diese Handschrift enthält die Details zur Herstellung zuverlässiger Cantilever-Arrays für diesen Zweck, und die erforderlich sind, um erfolgreich Kulturzellen auf diesen Flächen Methoden. Weitere Beschreibung über die notwendigen funktionalen anal führen Sie die Schritte vorgesehenlyse von kontraktilen Zelltypen auf solche Arrays mit einem neuartigen Laser-und Foto-Detektor-System gepflegt. Die repräsentativen Daten zur Verfügung gestellt Highlights die Präzision und reproduzierbare Art der Analyse der Kontraktionsfunktion möglich mit diesem System, sowie die breite Palette von Studien, denen solche Technologie kann angewandt werden. Erfolgreiche weit verbreitete Annahme dieses Systems konnten die Ermittler stellen die Mittel, um eine schnelle, kostengünstige funktionelle Studien in vitro durchzuführen, was zu genaueren Vorhersagen von Gewebe Leistung, die Entwicklung der Krankheit und der Reaktion auf neue therapeutische Behandlung.
Introduction
The in vitro culture of muscle cells from both human and rodent sources has been possible for decades1,2. However, while standard coverslip preparations are useful for biochemical assessment, they do not facilitate analysis of the cell’s primary functional output (contractility), and therefore are of somewhat limited value as a means to assess cellular maturation and performance. In order to maximize the amount of data obtainable from such in vitro cultures, it is necessary to advance the development of systems capable of housing such cells in configurations that permit the real-time assessment of their functional performance. The establishment of a multitude of three dimensional muscle models has made some progress toward fulfilling this need, and such systems have been used in a number of publications as a means to assess the contractile capacity of cultured muscle cells in vitro3-5. While such systems are invaluable for tissue modeling and reconstruction studies, they are limited in their applicability for studies of single cell responses. In such cases where single fiber studies are necessary, complex and labor intensive ex vivo methodologies remain the only option6-10. Furthermore, current movement toward the development of complex, multi-organ platforms for drug development and screening protocols requires the establishment of systems which are non-invasive, easily scalable and which integrate readily with supporting cells and tissue models11.
Microscale cantilevers offer a simple method for assessing the functional contractile capacity of single cells/small populations of cells12,13. The technique is based on modified Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technology14, and uses a laser and photo-detector system to measure microscale cantilever deflection in response to cultured myotube contractile activity. Modified Stoney’s equations are then used to calculate stress in the myotube, and the force exerted by the myotube in order to generate the observed substrate deflection15. A scanning program has been written which enables simultaneous assessment of multiplexed cantilever arrays, offering potential moderate to high through-put applications for drug toxicity/efficacy studies15,16. Such technology may prove invaluable in the development of functional, pre-clinical assays for predicting drug efficacy in vivo. Furthermore, fabrication of cantilever chips in silicon does not impede post analysis processing of cells for standard biomolecular assays such as immunostaining, western blotting and PCR.
This manuscript provides detailed instructions on the fabrication and preparation of microscale silicon cantilevers, the hardware and software set-up, and the operating guidelines for assessing the functionality of contractile cells cultured on these chips. Standard cell culture techniques can be implemented for plating and maintenance of cells on these surfaces, hence any contractile cell type for which reliable culture parameters exist should be able to integrate with this device with ease. The relatively simple 2D culture parameters utilized in this system makes integration of other cell models or addition of cell types that can interact with muscle (such as innervating neurons) straight-forward, greatly increasing the applicability of this model in the development of more complex functional in vitro assays and multi-organ models of mammalian systems.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Die kritischen Schritte bei der Analyse von Mikrobiegebalken zum Nachweis der zellulären Kontraktion sind die Anordnung der Auslegerchip innerhalb des Mikroskoptisch, und die nachfolgende Ausrichtung des Lasers und Photodetektors mit der Spitze der Ecke Auskragungen in der Anordnung. Wenn dies nicht genau durchgeführt, dann wird die Software nicht in der Lage, die Positionen der übrigen Cantilever in der Anordnung zu extrapolieren, bei der Datensammlung potentiell zu einer Akkumulation von falschen Negativen führen….
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Diese Forschung wurde von National Institute of Health Zuschuss Zahlen R01NS050452 und R01EB009429 finanziert. Herstellung der Cantilever-Chips wurde von außen durch Mitarbeiter an der Nanofabrication Einrichtung an der Cornell University durchgeführt. Alle Geräte in der freitragenden Herstellungsprozess verwendet wurde in dieser Anlage entfernt. Besonderen Dank an Mandy Esch und Jean-Matthieu Prot für die Unterstützung bei freitragenden Mikrofabrikation. Video-Animation des Auslegers Funktionalität wurde von Charles Hughes, Alex und Eric Zelenin Imperiale aus dem synthetischen Reality Lab an der UCF erzeugt.
Materials
| Name of material/ equipment | Company | Catalog number | Comments/ Description |
| Primary rat muscle growth medium | |||
| Neurobasal medium | Life Technologies | 21103-049 | N/A |
| B27 (50x) | Life Technologies | 17504044 | 1x |
| Glutamax (100x) | Life Technologies | 35050061 | 1x |
| G5 supplement | Life Technologies | 17503-012 | 1x |
| Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor | Cell sciences | CRG400B | 20 ng/ ml |
| Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor | Cell sciences | CRB600B | 20 ng/ ml |
| Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor | Cell sciences | CRC400A | 40 ng/ ml |
| Neurotrophin-3 | Cell sciences | CRN500B | 20 ng/ ml |
| Neurotrophin-4 | Cell sciences | CRN501B | 20 ng/ ml |
| Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor | Life Technologies | 13241-013 | 25 ng/ ml |
| Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor | Life Technologies | P2654 | 20 ng/ ml |
| Cardiotrophin-1 | Cell sciences | CRC700B | 20 ng/ ml |
| Heparin Sulphate | Sigma | D9809 | 100 ng/ ml |
| Leukemia Inhibitory Factor | Sigma | L5158 | 20 ng/ ml |
| Vitronectin | Sigma | V0132 | 100 ng/ ml |
| Primary rat muscle differentiation medium | |||
| NB Activ 4 | Brain Bits LLC | NB4-500 | N/A |
| Equipment | |||
| Class 2 red diode laser | Newport | N/A | |
| Photo-detector | Noah Industries | N/A | |
| Model 2100 Pulse stimulator | A-M systems | N/A | |
| Multiclamp 700B Digitizer | Axon Instruments | N/A | |
| Patch clamp microscope and stage | Olympus | N/A | |
| Delta T4 culture dish controller | Bioptechs | N/A | |
| Axoscope software | Molecular Devices | N/A | |
| LabVIEW software | National Instruments | N/A | |
| 37oC, 5% CO2 incubator | NAPCO | N/A | |
| Class 2 microbiological flow hood | Labconco | N/A | |
| Pipettes and tips | Eppendorf | N/A |
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