Summary

Utilização de microscópicos de silício Cantilevers para avaliar a função celular contrátil<em> In Vitro</em

Published: October 03, 2014
doi:

Summary

Este protocolo descreve o uso de braços de suporte de silicone em micro-como as superfícies de cultura maleáveis ​​para a medição da contractilidade de células do músculo in vitro. Contração celular provoca flexão cantilever, que pode ser medido, registrado, e convertido em leituras de força, proporcionando um sistema não invasivo e escalável para medir a função contrátil in vitro.

Abstract

O desenvolvimento de ensaios in vitro preditivos e mais biologicamente relevantes baseia-se o avanço dos sistemas de cultura de células versáteis que facilitam a avaliação funcional das células semeadas. Para esse efeito, a tecnologia cantilever microescala oferece uma plataforma com a qual a medir a funcionalidade contráctil de uma gama de tipos de células, incluindo esquelético, cardíaco e células de músculo liso, através da avaliação da contracção induzida substrato flexão. Aplicação de matrizes cantilever multiplexados fornece os meios para o desenvolvimento moderado a protocolos de alto rendimento para a avaliação da eficácia do fármaco e toxicidade, o fenótipo da doença e progressão, assim como neuromusculares e outras interacções célula-célula. Este manuscrito apresenta pormenores para a fabricação de matrizes de cantiléver fiáveis ​​para este fim, e os métodos necessários para células em cultura com sucesso sobre estas superfícies. Descrição mais detalhada é fornecida sobre as medidas necessárias para realizar anal funcionalysis de tipos de células contrátil mantida em tais matrizes, utilizando um novo sistema de laser e foto-detector. Os dados representativos fornecidos destaca a precisão e a natureza reprodutível da análise da função contráctil possível usar este sistema, bem como a grande variedade de estudos para que tal tecnologia pode ser aplicada. Ampla adoção bem sucedida deste sistema poderia fornecer aos investigadores os meios para realizar estudos de baixo custo rápidas e funcionais in vitro, levando a previsões mais precisas do desempenho do tecido, o desenvolvimento da doença ea resposta ao tratamento terapêutico romance.

Introduction

The in vitro culture of muscle cells from both human and rodent sources has been possible for decades1,2. However, while standard coverslip preparations are useful for biochemical assessment, they do not facilitate analysis of the cell’s primary functional output (contractility), and therefore are of somewhat limited value as a means to assess cellular maturation and performance. In order to maximize the amount of data obtainable from such in vitro cultures, it is necessary to advance the development of systems capable of housing such cells in configurations that permit the real-time assessment of their functional performance. The establishment of a multitude of three dimensional muscle models has made some progress toward fulfilling this need, and such systems have been used in a number of publications as a means to assess the contractile capacity of cultured muscle cells in vitro3-5. While such systems are invaluable for tissue modeling and reconstruction studies, they are limited in their applicability for studies of single cell responses. In such cases where single fiber studies are necessary, complex and labor intensive ex vivo methodologies remain the only option6-10. Furthermore, current movement toward the development of complex, multi-organ platforms for drug development and screening protocols requires the establishment of systems which are non-invasive, easily scalable and which integrate readily with supporting cells and tissue models11.

Microscale cantilevers offer a simple method for assessing the functional contractile capacity of single cells/small populations of cells12,13. The technique is based on modified Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technology14, and uses a laser and photo-detector system to measure microscale cantilever deflection in response to cultured myotube contractile activity. Modified Stoney’s equations are then used to calculate stress in the myotube, and the force exerted by the myotube in order to generate the observed substrate deflection15. A scanning program has been written which enables simultaneous assessment of multiplexed cantilever arrays, offering potential moderate to high through-put applications for drug toxicity/efficacy studies15,16. Such technology may prove invaluable in the development of functional, pre-clinical assays for predicting drug efficacy in vivo. Furthermore, fabrication of cantilever chips in silicon does not impede post analysis processing of cells for standard biomolecular assays such as immunostaining, western blotting and PCR.

This manuscript provides detailed instructions on the fabrication and preparation of microscale silicon cantilevers, the hardware and software set-up, and the operating guidelines for assessing the functionality of contractile cells cultured on these chips. Standard cell culture techniques can be implemented for plating and maintenance of cells on these surfaces, hence any contractile cell type for which reliable culture parameters exist should be able to integrate with this device with ease. The relatively simple 2D culture parameters utilized in this system makes integration of other cell models or addition of cell types that can interact with muscle (such as innervating neurons) straight-forward, greatly increasing the applicability of this model in the development of more complex functional in vitro assays and multi-organ models of mammalian systems.

Protocol

1. Cantilever Chip Fabrication Pormenores ilustrados das etapas de fabricação descritos são proporcionados na Figura 1. Coloque wafers de silício sobre isolante (SOI) em um forno e leve ao forno a 125 ° C por 20 min para desidratar-los. Deposite um 1,5 um espessa camada de óxido de silício na camada alça do wafer SOI desidratado usando um Plasma avançado Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) ferramenta. Coloque a bolacha sobre a rotação …

Representative Results

Cultura bem sucedida de células contrácteis em cantiléver é um procedimento relativamente simples, utilizando técnicas padrão de cultura de células (Figura 5). A percentagem de consolas de apoio células contratantes irá variar dependendo do tipo de célula que está sendo examinado e técnica de cultura específica empregada. Usando células embrionárias primárias derivadas de rato membros posteriores, actividade contráctil foi detectada em 12% das consolas analisados ​​(n = 4). Análise…

Discussion

Os passos críticos na análise de microescala consolas para a evidência de contracção celular são o posicionamento do braço de suporte do chip dentro da platina do microscópio e do subsequente alinhamento do laser e foto-detector, com a ponta dos braços de suporte de canto na matriz. Se isso não for feito de forma precisa, em seguida, o software não será capaz de extrapolar as posições das restantes consolas na matriz, potencialmente levando ao acúmulo de falsos negativos durante a coleta de dados. Os oper…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Esta pesquisa foi financiada pelo Instituto Nacional de números de subsídios Saúde R01NS050452 e R01EB009429. Fabricação dos chips cantilever foi realizada externamente por colaboradores no Centro de Nanofabricação localizado na Universidade de Cornell. Todos os equipamentos utilizados no processo de fabricação cantilever foi localizado nesta instalação. Um agradecimento especial a Mandy Esch e Jean-Matthieu Prot para a sua assistência com cantilever micro-fabricação. Animação de vídeo de funcionalidade cantilever foi gerada por Charles Hughes, Alex Zelenin e Eric Imperiale do Lab Realidade Sintética na UCF.

Materials

Name of material/ equipment Company Catalog number Comments/ Description
Primary rat muscle growth medium
Neurobasal medium Life Technologies 21103-049  N/A
B27 (50x) Life Technologies 17504044 1x
Glutamax (100x) Life Technologies 35050061 1x
G5 supplement Life Technologies 17503-012  1x
Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Cell sciences CRG400B 20 ng/ ml
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Cell sciences CRB600B 20 ng/ ml
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Cell sciences CRC400A 40 ng/ ml
Neurotrophin-3 Cell sciences CRN500B 20 ng/ ml
Neurotrophin-4 Cell sciences CRN501B 20 ng/ ml
Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Life Technologies 13241-013  25 ng/ ml
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Life Technologies P2654 20 ng/ ml
Cardiotrophin-1 Cell sciences CRC700B 20 ng/ ml
Heparin Sulphate Sigma D9809  100 ng/ ml
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Sigma L5158  20 ng/ ml
Vitronectin Sigma V0132 100 ng/ ml
Primary rat muscle differentiation medium
NB Activ 4 Brain Bits LLC NB4-500 N/A
Equipment
Class 2 red diode laser Newport N/A
Photo-detector Noah Industries N/A
Model 2100 Pulse stimulator A-M systems N/A
Multiclamp 700B Digitizer Axon Instruments N/A
Patch clamp microscope and stage Olympus N/A
Delta T4 culture dish controller Bioptechs N/A
Axoscope software Molecular Devices N/A
LabVIEW software National Instruments N/A
37oC, 5% CO2 incubator NAPCO N/A
Class 2 microbiological flow hood Labconco N/A
Pipettes and tips Eppendorf N/A

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Smith, A. S., Long, C. J., McAleer, C., Bobbitt, N., Srinivasan, B., Hickman, J. J. Utilization of Microscale Silicon Cantilevers to Assess Cellular Contractile Function In Vitro. J. Vis. Exp. (92), e51866, doi:10.3791/51866 (2014).

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