Modelagem da mucosa candidíase em larval Zebrafish por swimbladder Injection
Summary
In vivo spatio-temporal interactions of pathogen and immune defenses at the mucosal level are not easily imaged in existing vertebrate hosts. The method presented here describes a versatile platform to study mucosal candidiasis in live vertebrates using the swimbladder of the juvenile zebrafish as an infection site.
Abstract
Defesa precoce contra patógenos da mucosa consiste de uma barreira epitelial e células imunitárias inatas. A imunocompetência de ambos, e sua intercomunicação, são de extrema importância para a proteção contra infecções. As interações de células imunitárias inatas epiteliais e com um patógeno são melhor investigada in vivo, onde o comportamento complexo se desenrola ao longo do tempo e do espaço. No entanto, os modelos existentes não permitem fácil imaging espaço-temporal da batalha com patógenos ao nível da mucosa.
O modelo desenvolvido aqui cria uma infecção das mucosas por injecção directa do agente patogénico fúngico, Candida albicans, em swimbladder de peixe-zebra juvenil. A infecção resultante permite imagens de alta resolução do comportamento das células epiteliais e imune inata ao longo do desenvolvimento da doença mucosa. A versatilidade deste método permite interrogatório do hospedeiro para sondar a seqüência detalhada de eventos imunológicos que levam a phrecrutamento agocyte e examinar os papéis de determinados tipos de células e vias moleculares na proteção. Além disso, o comportamento do agente patogénico como uma função do ataque do sistema imunológico pode ser iluminados simultaneamente por fluorescência utilizando-expressando proteína C. albicans. O aumento da resolução espacial da interação patógeno-hospedeiro também é possível através da técnica de dissecção da bexiga natatória rápida descrito.
O modelo de infecção da mucosa descrito aqui é simples e altamente reprodutível, tornando-se uma ferramenta valiosa para o estudo da mucosa candidíase. Este sistema pode também ser amplamente traduzível a outros agentes patogénicos das mucosas, tais como micróbios micobacterianas, bacterianas ou virais que normalmente infectam através de superfícies epiteliais.
Introduction
Mucosal infections can lead to life threatening bloodstream infections due to the damage of the epithelial barrier, which allows pathogens access to the systemic environment1,2. In addition, mucosal infections can also cause significant immunopathology even when contained externally3-5. The commensal unicellular fungus Candida albicans is present in the majority of the population in the oral cavity and other mucosal sites6-9. Although normally contained by innate and adaptive immune responses, innate immune defects and medical interventions can lead to severe mucosal candidiasis. The assault on the epithelial barrier results in an increased risk of life threatening disseminated disease as well as immunopathology, as in the case of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis, additionally C. albicans colonization has been linked with lung immune homeostasis10,11. Disseminated candidiasis is now the fourth most common bloodstream infection in intensive care units12 and mortality as high as 40% makes it a major concern. Due to the increase in immunomodulatory treatments for patients with autoimmune diseases, cancer or organ transplants, it is imperative to understand the interaction between this pathogen and the mucosal immune compartment.
The majority of cell biological advances regarding C. albicans-cell interactions at the mucosal level come from in vitro13-15 and murine models16-18. Both these approaches have distinct advantages, but the ability to image live cells at high resolution in an intact host has limited the temporal and spatial characterization of the infection. For these studies, there is the need for an in vivo model where the interaction of pathogen, innate immune and epithelial cells can be visualized in an intact vertebrate host.
The zebrafish has emerged as an invaluable tool for the understanding of human disease, mainly due to its transparency and amenability to genetic manipulation. Cell and organ development have been imaged in exquisite detail, which has led to the description of novel immune cell behaviors, such as T cell behavior in the developing thymus19 or the battle between intracellular mycobacteria and phagocytes20-22. Recent work has described intestinal microbe-host interactions in zebrafish and shown that microbial colonization of the intestinal tract affects host intestinal physiology and resistance to other infections23,24. Furthermore, infection through the gut epithelium has been described for several pathogens.
In contrast to the intestinal tract, the swimbladder represents a more isolated and complementary mucosal model. This organ is an extension of the developing gut tube and forms anteriorly to the liver and pancreas25,26. It produces surfactant, mucus and antimicrobial peptides27,28 and anatomically, as well as ontogenetically, this organ is considered a homologue of the mammalian lung29,30. Since the pneumatic duct remains connected to the gut in the zebrafish, this allows for immersion infection to occur naturally. Remarkably, the only known naturally occurring infections of fish with Candida species are C. albicans infections in the swimbladder31. We recently described an experimental immersion infection model where C. albicans infects the swimbladder, and found that this infection recapitulates some of the hallmarks of C. albicans-epithelial interaction in vitro32,33.
In the method presented here, the original immersion infection model is improved by directly injecting C. albicans into the swimbladder of 4 days post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish. This allows for precise temporal control of infection as well as a highly reproducible inoculum. It permits detailed intravital imaging, coupled with the versatility of the zebrafish model. As an example of what can be done with this method, we present the spatio-temporal dynamics of C. albicans growth along with neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection. Because zebrafish swimbladder tissue is challenging to image intravitally, we also present a rapid swimbladder dissection technique that improves fluorescence signal and microscopic resolution. These methods expand the toolbox for fungal, immunological, and aquaculture research as well as describing a novel infection route that may be translated to model other fungal, bacterial or viral infections of mucosal surfaces.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Os avanços e as limitações do modelo de doença microinjeção swimbladder
O modelo apresentado aqui é uma extensão do modelo de imersão mucosa candidíase descrito no Gratacap et al (2013).; acrescenta as vantagens de um tempo de infecção controlada, uma dose de infecção altamente reprodutível, e, por conseguinte, uma maior eficiência. Nós demonstramos aqui novos métodos que permitem a documentação temporais não-invasivo de dinâmica de infecção em grande detalhe, b…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Os autores agradecem ao Dr. Le Trinh e Dr. Tobin para generosamente fornecer a α-catenina: linha citrino peixes e Bill Jackman por nos permitir fazer a filmagem em seu laboratório. Os autores reconhecem as fontes de financiamento Institutos Nacionais de Saúde (Grants 5P20RR016463, 8P20GM103423 e R15AI094406) e USDA (Projeto nº ME0-H-1-00517-13). Este manuscrito é publicado como principal Agricultura e Florestas Experiment Station número de publicação 3371.
Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| 1.7 mL tubes | Axygen | MCT-175-C | |
| Deep Petri dishes | Fisher Scientific | 89107-632 | |
| Transfer pipettes | Fisher Scientific | 13-711-7M | |
| Yeast Extract | VWR Scientific | 90000-726 | |
| Peptone | VWR Scientific | 90000-264 | |
| Dextrose | Fisher Scientific | D16-1 | |
| Agar | VWR Scientific | 90000-760 | |
| Fine tweezers (Dumont Dumoxel #5) | Fine Science Tools | 11251-30 | |
| Wooden Dowels | VWR Scientific | 10805-018 | |
| Low Melt Agarose | VWR Scientific | 12001-722 | |
| Flaming Brown Micropipette Puller | Sutter Instruments | P-97 | |
| Borosilicate capillary | Sutter Instruments | BF120-69-10 | |
| MPPI-3 Injection system | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | MPPI-3 | |
| Back Pressure Unit | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | BPU | |
| Micropipette Holder kit | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | MPIP | |
| Foot Switch | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | FSW | |
| Micromanipulator | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | MM33 | |
| Magnetic Base | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | Magnetic Base | |
| Tricaine methane sulfonate | Western Chemical Inc. | MS-222 | |
| Dissecting Scope | Olympus | SZ61 top SZX-ILLB2-100 base | |
| Confocal Microscope | Olympus | IX-81 with FV-1000 laser scanning confocal system | |
| 20x microscope objective | Olympus | UPlanSApo 20x/0.75 | |
| Roller drum | New Brunswick Scientific | TC-7 | |
| Microloader pipette tips | Eppendorf | 930001007 | |
| Glass culture tubes (16 x 150 mm) | VWR Scientific | 60825-435 | |
| NaCl | VWR Scientific | BDH4534-500GP | |
| KCl | VWR Scientific | BDH4532-500GP | |
| MgSO4 | VWR Scientific | BDH0246-500GP | |
| HEPES (Corning) | VWR Scientific | BDH4520-500GP | |
| Children clay (Play-Doh) | Hasbro | ||
| CaCl2 | Fisher Scientific | C69-500 | |
| Methylene Blue | VWR Scientific | VW6276-0 | |
| PTU | Sigma | P7629-10G | |
| Petri dishes | Fisher Scientific | FB0875712 | |
| Hemocytometer (Hausser scientific) | VWR Scientific | 15170-172 | |
| Type A immersion oil | Blue Marble Products | 51935 | |
| Centrifuge | Eppendorf | 5424 | |
| Vortex Genie | VWR Scientific | 14216-184 | |
| Agarose (Lonza) | VWR Scientific | 12001-870 | |
| Na2HPO4 | Fisher Scientific | S374-500 | |
| KH2PO4 | Fisher Scientific | P285-500 | |
| Fishing wire | Stren | ||
| 96 well imaging plate (Sensoplate) | Greiner Bio-One | 655892 | |
| High vacuum grease (Dow Corning) | VWR Scientific | 59344-055 | |
| Microslide (25 x 75 mm) | VWR Scientific | 48300-025 | |
| Cover slips (18 x 18 mm), No 1.5 | VWR Scientific | 48366-045 | |
| 15 cm Petri dish (Olympus plastics) | Genesee Scientific | 32-106 | |
| Glycerol (EMD chemicals) | VWR Scientific | EMGX0185-5 | |
| 24-well culture dish (Olympus plastics) | Genesee Scientific | 25-107 | |
| Weight boats (8.9 cm) | VWR Scientific | 89106-766 | |
Referências
- Peterson, L. W., Artis, D. Intestinal epithelial cells: regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol. 14 (3), 141-153 (2014).
- Elinav, E., Henao-Mejia, J., Flavell, R. A. Integrative inflammasome activity in the regulation of intestinal mucosal immune responses. Mucosal Immunol. 6 (1), 4-13 (2013).
- Sansonetti, P. J. To be or not to be a pathogen: that is the mucosally relevant question. Mucosal Immunol. 4 (1), 8-14 (2011).
- Tlaskalová-Hogenová, H., Stěpánková, R., et al. The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 8 (2), 110-120 (2011).
- Pasparakis, M. Regulation of tissue homeostasis by NF-kappaB signalling: implications for inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 9 (11), 778-788 (2009).
- Scully, C., el-Kabir, M., Samaranayake, L. P. Candida and oral candidosis: a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 5 (2), 125-157 (1994).
- Reef, S. E., Lasker, B. A., et al. Nonperinatal nosocomial transmission of Candida albicans in a neonatal intensive care unit: prospective study. J Clin Microbiol. 36 (5), 1255-1259 (1998).
- Soll, D. R., Galask, R., Schmid, J., Hanna, C., Mac, K., Morrow, B. Genetic dissimilarity of commensal strains of Candida spp. carried in different anatomical locations of the same healthy women. J Clin Microbiol. 29 (8), (1991).
- Rindum, J. L., Stenderup, A., Holmstrup, P. Identification of Candida albicans types related to healthy and pathological oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 23 (9), 406-412 (1994).
- Mear, J. B., Gosset, P., et al. Candida albicans airway exposure primes the lung innate immune response against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection through innate lymphoid cell recruitment and IL-22 associated mucosal response. Infect Immun. 82 (1), 306-315 (2013).
- Faro-Trindade, I., Willment, J. A., et al. Characterisation of innate fungal recognition in the lung. PLoS ONE. 7 (4), 35675 (2012).
- Wisplinghoff, H., Bischoff, T., Tallent, S. M., Seifert, H., Wenzel, R. P., Edmond, M. B. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 39 (3), 309-317 (2004).
- Schaller, M., Zakikhany, K., Naglik, J. R., Weindl, G., Hube, B. Models of oral and vaginal candidiasis based on in vitro reconstituted human epithelia. Nat Protoc. 1 (6), 2767-2773 (2006).
- Weindl, G., Naglik, J. R., et al. Human epithelial cells establish direct antifungal defense through TLR4-mediated signaling. Clin Invest. 117 (12), 3664-3672 (2007).
- Moyes, D. L., Runglall, M., et al. A biphasic innate immune MAPK response discriminates between the yeast and hyphal forms of Candida albicans in epithelial cells. Cell Host and Microbe. 8 (3), 225-235 (2010).
- Conti, H. R., Shen, F., et al. Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis. J Exp Med. 206 (2), 299-311 (2009).
- Hise, A. G., Tomalka, J., et al. An essential role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in host defense against the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Cell Host Microbe. 5 (5), 487-497 (2009).
- Gladiator, A. A., Wangler, N. N., Trautwein-Weidner, K. K., Leibundgut-Landmann, S. S. Cutting Edge: IL-17-Secreting Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Essential for Host Defense against Fungal Infection. J Immunol. 190 (2), 521-525 (2013).
- Hess, I., Boehm, T. Intravital imaging of thymopoiesis reveals dynamic lympho-epithelial interactions. Immunity. 36 (2), 298-309 (2012).
- Roca, F. J., Ramakrishnan, L. TNF Dually Mediates Resistance and Susceptibility to Mycobacteria via Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species. Cell. 153 (3), 521-534 (2013).
- Tobin, D. M., Vary, J. C., et al. The lta4h locus modulates susceptibility to mycobacterial infection in zebrafish and humans. Cell. 140 (5), 717-730 (2010).
- Cambier, C. J., Takaki, K. K., et al. Mycobacteria manipulate macrophage recruitment through coordinated use of membrane lipids. Nature. 505 (7482), 218-222 (2014).
- Semova, I., Carten, J. D., et al. Microbiota regulate intestinal absorption and metabolism of fatty acids in the zebrafish. Cell Host and Microbe. 12 (3), 277-288 (2012).
- Rendueles, O., Ferrières, L., et al. A new zebrafish model of Oro-intestinal pathogen colonization reveals a key role for adhesion in protection by probiotic bacteria. PLoS Pathog. 8 (7), 1002815 (2012).
- Field, H., Ober, E., Roeser, T., Stainier, D. Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish I. Liver morphogenesis. Dev Biol. 253 (2), 279-290 (2003).
- Field, H., Dong, P., Beis, D., Stainier, D. Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. Dev Biol. 261 (1), 197-208 (2003).
- Sullivan, L., Daniels, C., Phillips, I., Orgeig, S., Whitsett, J. Conservation of surfactant protein A: evidence for a single origin for vertebrate pulmonary surfactant. J Mol Evol. 46 (2), 131-138 (1998).
- Oehlers, S. H., Flores, M. V., Chen, T., Hall, C. J., Crosier, K. E., Crosier, P. S. Topographical distribution of antimicrobial genes in the zebrafish intestine. Dev Comp Immunol. 35 (3), 385-391 (2011).
- Winata, C., Korzh, S., Kondrychyn, I., Zheng, W., Korzh, V., Gong, Z. Development of zebrafish swimbladder: The requirement of Hedgehog signaling in specification and organization of the three tissue layers. Dev Biol. 331 (2), 22-236 (2009).
- Zheng, W., Wang, Z., Collins, J. E., Andrews, R. M., Stemple, D., Gong, Z. Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and mammalian lung. PLoS ONE. 6 (8), 24019 (2011).
- Galuppi, R., Fioravanti, M., Delgado, M., Quaglio, F., Caffara, M., Tampieri, M. Segnalazione di due casi do micosi della vescica natatoria in Sparus aurata e Carrassius auratus. Bollettino Societa Italiana di Patologic. 32, 26-34 (2001).
- Gratacap, R. L., Rawls, J. F., Wheeler, R. T. Mucosal candidiasis elicits NF-κB activation, proinflammatory gene expression and localized neutrophilia in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech. 6 (5), 1260-1270 (2013).
- Brothers, K. M., Gratacap, R. L., Barker, S. E., Newman, Z. R., Norum, A., Wheeler, R. T. NADPH oxidase-driven phagocyte recruitment controls Candida albicans filamentous growth and prevents mortality. PLoS Pathog. 9 (10), (2013).
- Rosen, J. N., Sweeney, M. F., Mably, J. D. Microinjection of zebrafish embryos to analyze gene function. J. Vis. Exp. (25), (2009).
- Anaissie, E. J., Bodey, G. P. Fungal infections in patients with cancer. Pharmacotherapy. 10 (6 pt 3), 1648-1698 (1990).
- Fidel, P. L., Barousse, M., et al. An intravaginal live Candida challenge in humans leads to new hypotheses for the immunopathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Infect Immun. 72 (5), 2939-2946 (2004).
- Akova, M., Akalin, H. E., et al. Efficacy of fluconazole in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal candidiasis in neutropenic patients with cancer: factors influencing the outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 18 (3), 298-304 (1994).
- Farah, C. S., Elahi, S., et al. T cells augment monocyte and neutrophil function in host resistance against oropharyngeal candidiasis. Infect Immun. 69 (10), 6110-6118 (2001).
- Renshaw, S. A., Loynes, C. A., Trushell, D. M. I., Elworthy, S., Ingham, P. W., Whyte, M. K. B. A transgenic zebrafish model of neutrophilic inflammation. Blood. 108 (13), 3976-3978 (2006).
- Kanther, M., Sun, X., et al. Microbial Colonization Induces Dynamic Temporal and Spatial Patterns of NF-κB Activation in the Zebrafish Digestive Tract. Gastroenterology. 141 (1), 197-207 (2011).
- Trinh, L. A., Hochgreb, T., et al. A versatile gene trap to visualize and interrogate the function of the vertebrate proteome. Genes Dev. 25 (21), 2306-2320 (2011).
- Trinh, L. A., Fraser, S. E., Moens, C. B. Zebrafish Neural Tube Morphogenesis Requires Scribble-Dependent Oriented Cell Divisions. Curr Biol. 21 (1), 79-86 (2011).
- Oehlers, S. H. B., Flores, M. V., et al. Expression of zebrafish cxcl8 (interleukin-8) and its receptors during development and in response to immune stimulation. Dev Comp Immunol. 34 (3), 352-359 (2010).
- Bast, D. J., Yue, M., et al. Novel murine model of pneumococcal pneumonia: use of temperature as a measure of disease severity to compare the efficacies of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48 (9), 3343-3348 (2004).
- Davis, J., Clay, H., Lewis, J., Ghori, N., Herbomel, P., Ramakrishnan, L. Real-time visualization of mycobacterium-macrophage interactions leading to initiation of granuloma formation in zebrafish embryos. Immunity. 17 (6), 693-702 (2002).
- Pack, M., Solnica-Krezel, L., et al. Mutations affecting development of zebrafish digestive organs. Development. 123, 321-328 (1996).
- Le Guyader, D., Redd, M. J., et al. Origins and unconventional behavior of neutrophils in developing zebrafish. Blood. 111 (1), 132-141 (2008).
- Kimmel, C. B., Ballard, W. W., Kimmel, S. R., Ullmann, B., Schilling, T. F. Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn. 203 (3), 253-310 (1995).
- Parichy, D. M., Elizondo, M. R., Mills, M. G., Gordon, T. N., Engeszer, R. E. Normal table of postembryonic zebrafish development: staging by externally visible anatomy of the living fish. Dev Dyn. 238 (12), 2975-3015 (2009).
- Noverr, M. C., Huffnagle, G. B. Does the microbiota regulate immune responses outside the gut. Trends in Microbiology. 12 (12), 562-568 (2004).
- Huffnagle, G. B. The microbiota and allergies/asthma. PLoS Pathog. 6 (5), 1000549 (2010).
- Kim, Y. -. G., Udayanga, K. G. S., Totsuka, N., Weinberg, J. B., Núñez, G., Shibuya, A. Gut dysbiosis promotes M2 macrophage polarization and allergic airway inflammation via fungi-induced PGE2. Cell Host Microbe. 15 (1), 95-102 (2014).
