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物理，化学和六Biochars生产的生物表征污染场地修复的

Published: November 28, 2014
doi:
10.3791/52183
, , ,
1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Royal Military College of Canada, 2Analytical Services Unit, School of Environmental Studies,Queen’s University

Summary

生物炭是作为土壤改良剂与可持续固碳，提高基材的品质和吸着污染物的能力，富含碳的物质。该协议描述了用于生物炭的特性，这是之前大规模实施这些修订的环境所需的17分析方法。

Abstract

生物炭的物理和化学性质的基础上的原料来源和生产条件而变化，从而有可能对工程师biochars与特定功能（ 例如 ，碳吸收，土壤质量的改进，或污染物吸附）。在2013年，国际生物炭组织（IBI）作出公开提供的标准化产品定义和产品测试指引（1.1版），它设置为生物炭的物理和化学特性的标准。六biochars从三个不同的原料和在两个温度下作出对有关其作为土壤改良剂使用特性进行了分析。该协议描述了原料和biochars的分析，包括：阳离子交换量（CEC），比表面积（SSA），有机碳（OC）和含水率，pH值，颗粒尺寸分布，以及靠近并最终分析。在协议中还描述了在原料和生物炭的分析S表示污染物，包括多环芳香烃（PAHs），多氯联苯（PCBs），金属和汞以及营养物（磷，亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐和铵的氮）。该协议还包括了生物检测程序，避免蚯蚓和发芽试验。根据质量保证/质量控制（QA / QC）的空白，重复，标准和参考材料的结果，所有的方法测定足以与生物炭和原料材料的使用。所有biochars和原料均远低于标准由IBI组和有biochars之间的小的差别，除了在从建筑废料产生的生物炭的情况下。该生物炭（简称老生物炭）被确定为有砷，铬，铜，铅水平升高，并没有蚯蚓回避和发芽试验。基于这些结果，老生物炭，并不适宜用作土壤改良剂为炭素equestration，基材的质量改进或补救。

Introduction

生物炭是有机物1的热解过程中产生的富含碳的副产品。兴趣，无论是公开和学术，在加入生物炭的土壤，从提高土壤质量和植物生长2,3能力茎，可持续的固碳4，和吸着有害污染物2，3，5-7，而废同时提供替代品管理和能源生产通过热解。

Biochars正在被众多企业和组织通过不同的热解系统产生的世界各地。用于生产生物炭的材料包括（但不限于）木屑，动物粪便和建筑废物1。这些差异被预期以改变biochars'物理和化学性质，因此它们对改善底物，促进长期稳定性并增加吸附能力的能力。此外，在热解过程中的生物炭毫安ý变得无意金属污染，多环芳烃和多氯联苯被污染原料或不适当的热解条件的结果。因此，生物炭之前可以大规模应用于环境作为土壤改良剂，仔细表征的生物炭污染物，比表面积，阳离子交换容量，蚯蚓回避和发芽和其他由国际生物炭倡议建议的（IBI）必须进行。在2013年，第一个标准化的产品定义和产品测试准则生物炭，其中规定了生物炭的物理和化学特性的标准，出版并公开提供。

有研究表明在敖德萨商业温室生产的生物炭，ON，加拿大有显著改善植物生长在强烈退化的土壤和吸着持久性有机污染物（POPs），如多氯联苯2,3的能力。这种生物炭已产生三不同的原料（ 即有机物源）经由其中所产生的热被用来在冬季温热其温室操作的锅炉系统。

这项研究提供相关的生物炭的生物质锅炉生产的特征数据，并利用生物炭作为土壤改良剂。这项研究的目的是要彻底表征的物理，化学和六biochars根据该IBI在他们的标准化产品定义和产品测试指引（1.1版）（2013年）制定的标准生物学特性。这些特征将被链接，在可能情况下，向每个生物炭作为农业修正的性能和它们的能够吸附污染物的能力。

Protocol

注：化学分析的分析服务部（ASU）环境研究学院皇后大学（金斯顿，ON）进行的。亚利桑那州立大学是由加拿大实验室认可协会（CALA）在认可的范围所列特定的测试认证。其他分析，包括温室试验，分别在加拿大皇家军事学院（金士顿，ON）化学与化工学院编制。 1.一般注意事项为了确保质量保证和质量控制，分析的分析和空白分析两份，一式两份的样品，并与每批?…

Representative Results

所有结果，包括比较受IBI 13所设定的标准总结可以在表1（摘要），2（新，高，低，三是原料和高2 biochars）和3（旧生物质炭）被发现。所有biochars和原料在2012年和2013年（ 表2）使用的是远低于标准由IBI设置，并有biochars之间的差异不大。老生物炭（ 表3），提交测试第一生物炭，是从用于航运托盘和建筑废料制成，被确定为?…

Discussion

所有的在该协议中所列的方法已被仔细验证并广泛地用于土壤。由于生物炭特性仍处于起步阶段，这些方法的富碳基质的有效性在很大程度上是未知之数。因此，虽然这些方法本身并不新颖，其适用于常规表征，生物炭。在质量保证/质量控制方面，有间的任何方法没有问题相对于所述坯件是低于检测限或回收率是正确的标准参考材料。这表明，这些方法都适合用于生物炭等炭类物质的表征。许多…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Government of Canada’s Federal Economic Development Agency (FedDev) Applied Research and Commercialization Extension to Queen’s University (Dr. Allison Rutter and Dr. Darko Matovic). Sincerest thank you to Burt’s Greenhouses (Odessa, ON) for providing the biochars. Special thanks to Yuxing Cui of the CBRN Protection Group at RMC and staff of the ASU and Zeeb Lab for their ongoing support.

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
Biochar Burt's Greenhouses All six biochars were produced at Burt's Greenhouses via BlueFlame Boiler system
NaOAc Fisher Scientific E124-4 Dissolving 136.08 g of NaOAC.3H2O in 750mL distilled, deionized  water (DDI water)
Acetic Acid Fisher Scientific A38-212
Sodium Hydroxide Fisher Scientific SS284-1
Isopropanol Fisher Scientific A416P4 80% IPA- 800 mL IPA with 200 mL DDI water. 
NH4Cl Fisher Scientific A649500 Dissolving 5.35 g NH4Cl into 1 L DDI water. 
Alumminum Drying Pan Fisher Scientific 08-732-110
Drying Oven Fisher Scientific 508N0024 200°C for 2 hours.
Desiccator Fisher Scientific 08-595A
Balance Mettler 1113032410
Saturating Solution Fisher Scientific 06-664-25
Vortex Barnstead/Thermolyne 871000536389   
Centrifuge International Equipment Company 24372808 3000 g for 5 mins.
Rinsing Solution Fisher Scientific (Ricca Chemistry Company) 06-664-24
Conductivity Meter WESCAN 88298
Replacing Solution Fisher Scientific 06-664-24
ICP-AES Varian EL00053841
ASAP 2000 Surface Area Analyser  Cavlon 885 Degassing at 120°C for a minimum of 2 hours.
Muffle Furnace Fisher Scientific 806N0024 Heat for 16 hours covering at 420°C.
pH Meter Fisher Scientific 1230185263
Sieve Fisher Scientific 2288926 4.7 mm sieve being at the top.
Sieve Skaker Meinzer II 0414-02 Shake for 10 min.
Sodium Sulphate VWR EM-SX0761-5
Ottawa Sand Fisher Scientific S23-3
Soxhlet Apparatus Fisher Scientific (Pyrex) 09-557A 4 hours at 4–6 cycles per hour.
DCBP Suprlco Analytical 48318   
Dichloromethane Sigma Aldrich 40042-40855-U
6890 Plus Gas Chromatograph Micro 63 Ni ECD Agilent US00034778
Helium AlphaGaz SPG-NIT1AL50SMART
Nitrogen AlphaGaz SPG-HEL1AL50SMART
Mortor and Pestle Fisher Scientific (CoorsTeh) 12-948G
Nitric Acid Fisher Scientific 351288212
No. 40 Filter Paper Fisher Scientific (Whatman) 09-845A
Quartz/Nickel weigh boats Fisher Scientific 11-474-210
DMA-80 ATS Scientific 5090264
98-99% Formic Acid Sigma Aldrich 33015-1L 1L volumetric filled to 750 mL with DDI water add 20 mL formic acid and fill to volume with DDI water.
Sonicator Fisher Sientific 15338284
Rotating Shaker New Brunswick Scientific (Innova 2100) 14-278-108 1 hour at 200 rpm.
No. 42 Filter Paper Fisher Scientific (Whatman) 09-855A
WhirlPacks Fisher Scientific R55048
Potassium Dihydrogen Orthophospahte Fisher Scientific 181525
2M KCl Fisher Scientific P282100
Plastic Vials Fisher Scientific 03-337-20
Ammonium Chloride Fisher Scientific PX05115 Allow to warm up to room temperature
Colour Reagent Fisher Scientific 361028260 Allow to warm up to room temperature
Colorimeter Fisher Scientific 13-642-400 Turn on to let the lamp warm up and run for 5 minutes.
ASEAL Auto Analyzer 2 SEAL 4723A12068
Liquified Phenol Fisher Scientific MPX05115 Alkaline Phenol- Measure 87 mL of liquefied phenol into 1-L volumetric filled 2/3 with DDI water.  Add 34 g NaOH, make up to volume with DDI water.
NaOH Fisher Scientific S318-3
Commercial Bleach Retail Store Hypochlorite Solution- using 100-mL graduated cylinder measure 31.5 mL of commercial bleach and fill to 100 mL with DDI water.  
NaOH Pellets Fisher Scientific S320-1
Disodium EDTA Sigma Aldrich E5124
Sodium Hyprchlorite Fisher Scientific SS290-1
Triton (10%) Fisher Scientific BP151-100
Sodium Nitroprusside Fisher Scientific S350-100
Ammonium Salts Fisher Scientific A637-10
Phenoxide Fisher Scientific AC388611000
Eisenia Fetida The Worm Factory
Spade Retail Store
Bucket Retail Store
Potting Soil Retail Store
Avoidance Wheel Environment Canada Constructed by a modified design from Environment Canada’s Acute Avoidance Test.
Alumminum Foil Fisher Scientific 01-213-100
Petri Dishes Fisher Scientific 08-757-11 8.5 cm in diameter.
Pumpkin Seeds Ontario Seed Company (OSC) 2055
Alfalpha Seeds Ontario Seed Company (OSC) 6675
Centrifuge Tubes (30mL) Fisher Scientific  22-038-906
Beakers (50mL) Fisher Scientific (Pyrex) 02-540G Oven dry at 105oC.
Beakers (30mL) Fisher Scientific (Pyrex) 20-540C
Erlenmeyer Flasks (125mL) Fisher Scientific (Pyrex) S76106C
Volumetric Flask (100mL) Fisher Scientific (Pyrex) 10-211C
Estuarine Sediment National Insititute of Standards 1546A Standard Reference Material
Bleach Clorox Ultra (5-10% sodium hypochlorite)
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

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Tags

BiocharFeedstockPhysical And Chemical CharacterizationCation Exchange CapacitySurface AreaOrganic CarbonPHParticle SizeProximate And Ultimate AnalysisContaminantsPAHsPCBsMetalsMercuryNutrientsBiological TestingEarthworm AvoidanceGermination AssaysQuality AssuranceInternational Biochar InitiativeSoil AmendmentCarbon SequestrationRemediation
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Denyes, M. J., Parisien, M. A., Rutter, A., Zeeb, B. A. Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites. J. Vis. Exp. (93), e52183, doi:10.3791/52183 (2014).
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