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Bioengenharia

制造超疏水高分子材料生物医学应用

Published: August 28, 2015
doi:
10.3791/53117
,
1Department of Biomedical Engineering,Boston University, 2Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine,Boston University

Summary

Two- and three-dimensional superhydrophobic polymeric materials are prepared by electrospinning or electrospraying biodegradable polymers blended with a lower surface energy polymer of similar composition.

Abstract

超疏水材料，具有表面具有永久的或亚稳的不可润湿的状态，是对于一些生物医学和工业应用的兴趣。在这里，我们描述了如何静电或电喷射含有可生物降解的，生物相容的脂肪族聚酯（ 例如 ，聚己内酯和聚（丙交酯共 -glycolide））的聚合物混合物中，作为主要组分，掺杂有所述聚酯和stearate-构成的疏水共聚物改性的聚（甘油碳酸酯）得到超疏水性生物材料。电纺丝或电喷雾的制造技术提供增强的表面粗糙度和孔隙度，并在纤维或颗粒内，分别。使用低表面能的共聚物的掺杂物，融合与聚酯，并且可以稳定地静电纺丝或电喷雾，得到这些超疏水材料。重要参数，例如纤维的大小，共聚物组合物的掺杂剂和/或共ncentration，以及它们对润湿性的影响进行了讨论。高分子化学和工艺工程的这种组合提供了一个通用方法使用可扩展的技术，这些都可能推广到用于各种应用更广类聚合物来开发应用程序特定的材料。

Introduction

超疏水表面通常被分类为显示出明显的水接触角大于150°的低接触角滞后。这些表面通过引入对低表面能材料的高表面粗糙度建立所得空气-液体-固体界面抵抗润湿1-6制造。根据不同的制造方法，薄或多层超疏水表面，多层超疏水基底涂层，或甚至散装超疏水结构可以制备。此永久或半永久性的防水性]是用于制备自清洁面 7，微流体装置8，防污细胞/蛋白质表面9,10，减阻表面11，和药物递送装置一个有用的性质-12- 15。最近，刺激响应超疏水性材料被描述其中非润湿湿润状态是通过化学引发，物理或环境因素（例如，光，pH，温度，超声，和施加的电势/电流）14,16-20，和这些材料都发现使用其他应用程序21-25。

第一个合成超疏水表面被处理材料的表面与methyldihalogenosilanes 26制备，并且是用于生物医学应用价值有限，所用的材料是不适合在体内使用 。在此，我们描述了从生物相容性的聚合物制备表面和体超疏水材料。我们的方法需要电纺丝或电喷雾含有可生物降解的，生物相容的脂族聚酯作为主要组分，掺杂有所述聚酯和硬脂酸改性的聚（甘油碳酸酯）27-30组成的疏水性共聚物的聚合物混合物。的制造技术提供增强的表面粗糙度和孔隙度上和fibe内RS或颗粒，分别，而采用的共聚物掺杂剂提供了一种低表面能聚合物，融合与聚酯，并且可以稳定地静电纺丝或电喷雾27,31,32。

脂族可生物降解的聚酯如聚（乳酸）（PLA），聚（乙醇酸）（PGA），聚（乳酸- 共 -glycolic乙酸）（PLGA），和聚己内酯（PCL）是在临床上批准的设备中使用的聚合物和在由于它们的非毒性，生物降解性，并且易于合成33的生物医学材料研究突出。 PGA和PLGA开张的诊所在1960年的生物可吸收缝合线和70年代初期，分别为34-37。从那时起，这些聚（羟基酸）已被加工成各种其它应用程序特定的形状因子，例如微38,39和纳米颗粒40,41，晶片/光盘42，啮合27,43，泡沫44和电影45 </sup>。

脂族聚酯，以及生物医学兴趣的其它聚合物，可以静电纺丝来生产纳米或微纤维网状结构具有高的表面积和孔隙率以及拉伸强度。 表1列出了合成聚合物静电关于各种生物医学应用和它们的相应参考。静电和电喷雾的快速商用的可扩展技术。这两种类似的技术依赖于施加高电压（静电斥力）克服的聚合物溶液的表面张力/融化在注射器泵的设置，因为它是针对一种接地目标46,47。当这种技术用于与低表面能的聚合物结合（疏水性聚合物如聚（caprolactone- 共 -甘油单硬脂酸酯）），将得到的材料表现超疏水性。

为了说明这一点一般合成和材料加工方法从生物医学聚合物构建超疏水材料中，我们描述超疏水polycaprolactone-和聚（丙交酯共 -glycolide）基材料作为代表性实例的合成。各共聚物的掺杂剂的聚（caprolactone- 共 -甘油单硬脂酸酯）和聚（丙交酯共 -甘油单硬脂酸酯）被首先合成，然后混合以聚己内酯和聚（丙交酯共 -glycolide），分别和最后电纺丝或电喷雾。所得到的材料的特征在于通过SEM成像和接触角测角器，并测试其在体外和体内的生物相容性。最后，散湿通过三维超疏水网格使用造影剂增强microcomputed断层扫描进行检查。

Protocol

1.合成官能化聚（1,3-甘油碳酸盐共己内酯）29和聚（1,3-甘油碳酸盐共 -丙交酯）27,28。 单体合成。 溶解顺 -2-苯基-1,3-二恶烷-5-醇（50克，0.28摩尔，1当量）在500毫升无水四氢呋喃（THF）中并在氮气下搅拌在冰上。添加氢氧化钾（33.5克，0.84摩尔，3当量），细粉碎用研钵和研杵。将烧瓶在冰浴。 添加49.6 ml的苄基溴（71.32克，0.42摩尔，1.5当量?…

Representative Results

通过一系列的化学转化的，官能碳酸酯单体5-苄基-1,3-二恶烷-2-酮合成，为白色结晶固体（ 图1A）。1 H NMR确认结构（图1B）和质谱法和元素分析证实了组合物。此固体然后共聚任一D，L-丙交酯或使用锡催化开环在140℃下反应ε己内酯。经沉淀提纯后，将聚合物组合物是使用1 H NMR分析通过积分苄质子化学位移在4.58-4.68 ppm或己内酯或丙交酯的次?…

Discussion

我们的方法从生物医用高分子构建超疏水材料结合合成高分子化学与静电和电喷雾的聚合物加工技术。这些技术提供任一纤维或颗粒，分别。具体地，基于聚己内酯和聚（丙交酯共 -glycolide）超疏水性材料使用的是这种策略制备。通过改变疏水性共聚物组合物，在最终的聚合物共混物百分之共聚物，纤维/颗粒尺寸，总聚合物的重量百分比，和制造条件，所得到的静电/电喷雾材料的润湿性受…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Funding was provided in part by BU and the NIH R01CA149561. The authors wish to thank the electrospinning/electrospraying team including Stefan Yohe, Eric Falde, Joseph Hersey, and Julia Wang for their helpful discussions and contributions to the preparation and characterization of superhydrophobic biomaterials.

Materials

Silicone oil Sigma-Aldrich 85409
Cis-2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-ol Sigma-Aldrich 13468
Benzyl bromide Sigma-Aldrich B17905 Toxic, lacrymator/eye irritant, use in chemical fume hood
Potassium hydroxide Sigma-Aldrich 221473 Corrosive
Rotary evaporator Buchi R-124
High-vacuum pump Welch 8907
Nitrogen, ultra high purity Airgas NI UHP300 Compressed gas
Tetrahydrofuran, stabilized with BHT Pharmaco-Aaper 346000 Flammable. Dried through column of XXX
Dichloromethane Pharmaco-Aaper 313000 Flammable, toxic.
Separatory funnel (1 L) Fisher Scientific 13-678-606
Sodium sulfate Sigma-Aldrich 239313
Ethanol, absolute Pharmaco-Aaper 111USP200 Flammable, toxic.
Buchner funnel Fisher Scientific FB-966-F
Methanol Pharmaco-Aaper 339000ACS Flammable, toxic.
Hydrochloric acid Sigma-Aldrich 320331 Corrosive. Diluted to 2N in distilled water.
Ethyl chloroformate, 97% Sigma-Aldrich 185892 Toxic, flammable, harmful to environment
Triethylamine (anhydrous) Sigma-Aldrich 471283 Toxic, flammable, harmful to environment
Diethyl ether Pharmaco-Aaper 373ANHACS Highly flammable. Purified through XXX column.
3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (D,L-lactide) Sigma-Aldrich 303143
Tin (II) ethylhexanoate Sigma-Aldrich S3252 Toxic.
ε-caprolactone (97%) Sigma-Aldrich 704067
Toluene, anhydrous Sigma-Aldrich 244511 Flammable, toxic.
Glass syringe Hamilton Company 1700-series
Deuterated chloroform Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories, Inc. DLM-29-10 Toxic
Nuclear magnetic resonance instrument Varian V400
Palladium on carbon catalyst Strem Chemicals, Inc. 46-1707
Hydrogenator unit Parr 3911
Hydrogenator shaker vessel Parr 66CA
Hydrogen Airgas HY HP300 Highly flammable.
Diatomaceous earth Sigma-Aldrich 22140
2H,2H,3H,3H-perflurononanoic acid Oakwood Products, Inc. 10519 Toxic.
Stearic acid Sigma-Aldrich S4751
N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Sigma-Aldrich D80002 Toxic, irritant.
4-(dimethylamino) pyridine Sigma-Aldrich 107700 Toxic.
Hexanes Pharmaco-Aaper 359000ACS Toxic, flammable.
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) system Rainin
GPC column Waters WAT044228
Differential scanning calorimeter TA Instruments Q100
Chloroform Pharmaco-Aaper 309000ACS Toxic.
N,N-dimethylformamide Sigma-Aldrich 227056 Toxic, flammable.
Polycaprolactone, MW 70-90 kg/mol Sigma-Aldrich 440744
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide), MW 136 kg/mol Evonik Industries LP-712
10-mL glass syringe Hamilton Company 81620
18 AWG blunt needle BRICO Medical Supplies BN1815
Electrospinner enclosure box Custom-built N/A Made of acrylic panels
High voltage DC supply Glassman High Voltage, Inc. PS/EL30R01.5 High voltages, electrocution hazard
Linear (translating) stage Servo Systems Co. LPS-12-20-0.2 Optional
Programmable motor & power supply Intelligent Motion Systems, Inc. MDrive23 Plus Optional
24V DC motor & power supply McMaster-Carr 6331K32 Optional
Aluminum collector drum Custom-built Optional
Syringe pump Fisher Scientific 78-0100I
Inverted optical microscope Olympus IX70
Scanning electron microscope Carl Zeiss Supra V55
Conductive copper tape 3M 16072
Aluminum SEM stubs Electron Microscopy Sciences 75200
Contact angle goniometer Kruss DSA100
Propylene glycol Sigma-Aldrich W294004 Toxic.
Ethylene glycol Sigma-Aldrich 324558 Toxic.
Ioxaglate Guerbet
Fetal bovine serum American Type Culture Collection 30-2020
Micro-computed tomography instrument Scanco
Image analysis software (Analyze) Mayo Clinic
Tensile tester Instron 5848
Micrometer Multitoyo 293-340
Calipers Fisher Scientific 14-648-17
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SuperhydrophobicPolymeric MaterialsBiomedical ApplicationsElectrospinningElectrosprayingPolycaprolactonePoly(lactide-co-glycolide)Stearate-modified Poly(glycerol Carbonate)Surface RoughnessPorosityWettabilityPolymer ChemistryProcess EngineeringScalable Techniques
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Kaplan, J., Grinstaff, M. Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications. J. Vis. Exp. (102), e53117, doi:10.3791/53117 (2015).
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