Organoide als Modell für Infektionskrankheiten: Kultur von humanen und murinen Magen Organoide und Mikroinjektion von Helicobacter Pylori
Summary
Stem cell derived cultures harbor tremendous potential to model infectious diseases. Here, the culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described. The organoids are microinjected with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori.
Abstract
Recently infection biologists have employed stem cell derived cultures to answer the need for new and better models to study host-pathogen interactions. Three cellular sources have been used: Embryonic stem cells (ESC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) or adult stem cells. Here, culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described and used for infection with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Human gastric glands are isolated from resection material, seeded in a basement matrix and embedded in medium containing growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), R-spondin, Noggin, Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10, gastrin and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta inhibitor. In these conditions, gastric glands grow into 3-dimensional organoids containing 4 lineages of the stomach. The organoids expand indefinitely and can be frozen and thawed similarly as cell lines. For infection studies, bacteria are microinjected into the lumen of the organoids. Infected organoids are processed for imaging. The described methods can be adapted to other organoids and infections with other bacteria, viruses or parasites. This allows the study of infection-induced changes in primary cells.
Introduction
Die Studie von Erregern beruht auf adäquate Modellsysteme, um die in vivo-Infektion nachahmen. Bei einigen Infektionserreger, sind adäquate Modellsystemen fehlt, während einige der verwendeten Systeme sind alles andere als optimal. Ein Beispiel ist der Magen-Bakterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), die ursächlich für die Entwicklung von Magenkrebs in Beziehung steht. Doch in Ermangelung eines geeigneteren Zellkultursystem, viele Studien, die darauf abzielen, die zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen der Krebsentstehung Verwendung Krebszelllinien, die den Endpunkt der Krebskaskade darstellen zu analysieren. Primäre, nicht-transformierten Zellen wäre ein besseres Modell für diese Studien. Jedoch sind primäre Zellen, die nur von einer kleinen Anzahl von Gebern zur Verfügung und können nicht über längere Zeit kultiviert werden. In den letzten Jahren hat die Stammzellenforschung große Fortschritte gemacht, um neue Quellen für primäre Zellkulturen für die Untersuchung von Infektionsbiologie liefern.
Kulturen ausdrei Stammzellquellen verwendet: Embryonale Stammzellen (ESC), induzierte pluripotente Stammzellen (iPS) oder adulten Stammzellen. Sie sind verwendet worden, um Infektionen mit Viren, wie Cytomegalovirus 1,2 oder Hepatitis C Virus modellieren 3-7, Parasiten wie Plasmodium falciparum 8 oder Toxoplasma gondii 9 und Bakterien, wie Bacterioides thetaiotaomicron 10 oder Salmonella ente 11. In jüngster Zeit wurden mehrere Ansätze veröffentlicht worden, um eine Infektion mit H. modellieren pylori mit Organoide von ESC oder iPS-Zellen 12, Maus adulten Stammzellen 21,22 oder menschlichen adulten Stammzellen abgeleiteten 13 – 15.
Die Entwicklung von organoiden Kulturen aus adulten Stammzellen stammen aus einer Studie, in der einzelne Stammzellen aus murinen Darmepithel isoliert wurden in eine 3-dimensionale Matrix ausgesät undin Medium, das die Umgebung des Darmstammzellen enthalten EGF mitogen, R-spondin nachgeahmt Wnt-Signalisierung und Noggin zu verbessern, um Knochenmorphogeneseprotein (BMP) Signalisierungs 16 hemmen eingebettet. Insbesondere diese Kulturen erfordern keine Co-Kultur mit mesenchymalen Zellen. Unter diesen Bedingungen ist die Stammzellen proliferieren und bilden kleine Strukturen mit Domänen tragende Zellen der Darmkrypten und Domänen, die die Zellen der intestinalen Zotten enthalten. Die Organoide somit selbst zu organisieren, um die in vivo-Situation nachahmt. Heute adulten Stammzellen aus vielen murinen und humanen Geweben kann in vitro und angebaut werden Selbstorganisation Organoide, die ihre in-vivo-Gegenstück, ähnlich wie Dünn- und Dickdarms 17, Magen 13,18, 19,20 Leber, Bauchspeicheldrüse 21 und Prostata 22.
Hier bieten wir ein Video-Protokoll zur Kultur Maus oder menschlichen Magen Organoide von adulten Stammzellen cells und microinject sie mit H. pylori. Dieses Protokoll basiert auf früheren Berichten 13,18 berechnet. Diese Methode kann für die Kultivierung und infizieren andere organoide Kulturen wie Darm Organoide angepasst werden.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
This protocol describes the use of ever-expanding, untransformed primary organoids from adult stem cells for infection biology. Critical steps are i) the isolation of viable glands, ii) expansion of organoids and iii) the microinjection. Below are some suggestions for modifications, troubleshooting and technical considerations.
Compared to other isolation methods, which use vigorous shaking or pipetting to release glands and can be equally successful, the technique presented here has the adva…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by EU Marie Curie Fellowship (EU/300686-InfO) to S.B. and a Research Prize from the United European Gastroenterology Foundation to H.C. We would like to thank Harry Begthel, Jeroen Korving and the Hubrecht Imaging Center for technical assistance, Meritxell Huch for help with initial organoid culture and Yana Zavros for discussion.
Materials
| Medium | |||
| HEPES | Invitrogen | 15630-056 | |
| Advanced DMEM/F12 | Invitrogen | 12634-028 | |
| Matrigel, GFR, phenol free | BD | 356231 | |
| GlutaMAX | Invitrogen | 35050-079 | Stock concentration 200 mM, final concentration 2 mM |
| B27 | Invitrogen | 17504-044 | Stock concentration 50 x, final concentration 1x |
| N-Acetylcysteine | Sigma-Aldrich | A9165-5G | Stock concentration 500 mM, final concentration 1 mM |
| Murine recombinant EGF | Invitrogen | PMG8043 | Stock concentration 500 µg/mL, final concentration 50 ng/mL |
| Human recombinant FGF10 | Peprotech | 100-26 | Stock concentration 100 µg/mL, final concentration 200 ng/mL |
| TGFβi A-83-01 | Tocris | 2939 | Stock concentration 500 µM, final concentration 2 µM |
| Nicotinamide | Sigma-Aldrich | N0636 | Stock concentration 1 M, final concentration 10 mM |
| [Leu15]-Gastrin | Sigma-Aldrich | G9145 | Stock concentration 100 µM, final concentration 1 nM |
| RHOKi Y-27632 | Sigma-Aldrich | Y0503 | Stock concentration 10 mM, final concentration 10 µM |
| Wnt3A conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Clevers Lab. Final concentration 50%. Cells can be obtained from Hans Clevers. | ||
| R-spondin1 conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Kuo Lab. Final concentration 10%. Cell line can be obtained from Calvin Kuo, Stanford. | ||
| Noggin conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Clevers Lab. Final concentration 10%. Cells can be obtained from Hans Clevers. | ||
| R-spondin3 | R&D | 3500-RS/CF | Alternative source for R-spondin. This has been tested on human intestine organoids (1 µg/mL), but not yet on gastric organoids. |
| Noggin | Peprotech | 120-10 | Alternative source for noggin. This has been tested on human intestine organoids (100 ng/mL), but not yet on gastric organoids. |
| TrypLE express | Life Technologies | 12605036 | Enzymatic dissociation solution |
| CoolCell® Alcohol-Free Cell Freezing Containers | biocision | BCS-405 | |
| Recovery Cell Culture Freezing Medium | Invitrogen | 12648-010 | |
| Antibiotics | |||
| Primocin | Invivogen | ant-pm-1 | An antibiotics composition agains bacteria and fungi. It is helpful after initiation of a culture. For long term culture you can switch to other antibiotics or none. |
| Penicillin/Streptomycin | Invitrogen | 15140-122 | Stock concentration 10000/10000 U/mL, final concentration 100/100 U/mL. Can be used alternatively to Primocin in long term culture. |
| Outro | |||
| Tweezers | Neolabs | 2-1033 | Tweezers with fine tips are helpful for the removal of muscle layer from the tissue. |
| 4 Well Multidishes | Thermo Scientific | 144444 | You can use other Multidishes. These were particularly helpful for microinjections because they have a low outer rim and allow more mobility for the manipulator. |
| Micromanipulator | Narishige | M-152 | |
| Microinjector | Narishige | IM-5B | |
| Stereomicroscope | Leica | MZ75 | |
| Workbench | Clean Air | Custom made to fit the stereomicroscope in ML2 condition | |
| Cappillaries | Harvard Apparatus | GC100T-10 | 1 mm outer diameter, 0,78 mm inner diameter. |
| Micropipette Puller | Sutter Instruments | Flaming Brown Micropipette Puller | |
| anti Cag A antibody | Santa Cruz | sc-25766 |
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