Органоиды как модель для инфекционных болезней: Культура человека и мыши желудка органоидов и Микроинъекция Helicobacter Pylori
Summary
Stem cell derived cultures harbor tremendous potential to model infectious diseases. Here, the culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described. The organoids are microinjected with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori.
Abstract
Recently infection biologists have employed stem cell derived cultures to answer the need for new and better models to study host-pathogen interactions. Three cellular sources have been used: Embryonic stem cells (ESC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) or adult stem cells. Here, culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described and used for infection with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Human gastric glands are isolated from resection material, seeded in a basement matrix and embedded in medium containing growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), R-spondin, Noggin, Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10, gastrin and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta inhibitor. In these conditions, gastric glands grow into 3-dimensional organoids containing 4 lineages of the stomach. The organoids expand indefinitely and can be frozen and thawed similarly as cell lines. For infection studies, bacteria are microinjected into the lumen of the organoids. Infected organoids are processed for imaging. The described methods can be adapted to other organoids and infections with other bacteria, viruses or parasites. This allows the study of infection-induced changes in primary cells.
Introduction
Изучение патогенных микроорганизмов зависит от адекватных модельных систем для имитации в естественных условиях заражение. Для некоторых инфекционных агентов, адекватные модели системы не хватает, а некоторые из используемых систем далеки от оптимальных. Одним из примеров является бактерия желудка Helicobacter Pylori (H.), который причинно связаны с развитием рака желудка. Тем не менее, в отсутствие более подходящей системы для культивирования клеток, многие исследования, направленные на анализ молекулярных механизмов, лежащих в основе линий Использование клеточного рака развитие рака, которые представляют собой конечную раковой каскада. Первичные, нетрансформированные клетки будет лучше модель для этих исследований. Тем не менее, первичные элементы доступны только с небольшим количеством доноров и не может быть культивировали в течение более длительных периодов времени. В последние годы исследования стволовых клеток был достигнут значительный прогресс, чтобы обеспечить новые источники первичных клеточных культур для изучения инфекции биологии.
Культуры сбыли использованы три источника стволовых клеток: Эмбриональные стволовые клетки (ЭСК), индуцированные плюрипотентные стволовые клетки (ИПСК) или взрослые стволовые клетки. Они были использованы для моделирования инфекции с вирусами, такими как цитомегаловирус 1,2 или вируса гепатита С 3 - 7, паразиты, такие как Plasmodium малярийного 8 или 9 токсоплазма и бактерий, таких как Bacterioides thetaiotaomicron 10 или Salmonella enterica 11. Совсем недавно, несколько подходов были опубликованы моделировать инфекцию с H. пилори с органоидов, полученных из ЭСК или плюрипотентных клеток 12, стволовых клеток мыши взрослых 21,22 или взрослого человека стволовые клетки 13 – 15.
Развитие Органоид культур от взрослых стволовых клеток происходит от исследования, в котором единичные стволовые клетки, выделенные из мышиного кишечного эпителия высевали в 3-мерном матрицы ивстроенные в среде, имитировал окружающую среду кишечника стволовых клеток, содержащих EGF, как митоген, R-spondin для повышения сигналов Wnt и Noggin ингибировать кости морфогенного белок (BMP) сигналов 16. Примечательно эти культуры не требуют совместного культивирования с мезенхимных клеток. В этих условиях, стволовые клетки пролиферируют и образуют небольшие структуры с доменов укрывает клетки из кишечных крипт и домены, которые содержат клетки кишечника ворсинки. В органоиды, таким образом, самоорганизуются, чтобы имитировать в естественных условиях ситуацию. Сегодня, взрослые стволовые клетки из многих мышей и гуманных тканей могут быть выращены в пробирке и самоорганизации в органоидов, которые напоминают их аналогов в естественных условиях, таких как тонкой и толстой кишки, желудка 17 13,18, печени 19,20, 21 и поджелудочной железы простаты 22.
Здесь мы предлагаем видео протокола к культуре мыши или органоидов желудка человека от взрослых стволовых челLs и microinject их H. пилори. Этот протокол основан на предыдущих докладах 13,18. Этот метод может быть адаптирован для культивирования и заражения других Органоид культур, таких как кишечной органоидов.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
This protocol describes the use of ever-expanding, untransformed primary organoids from adult stem cells for infection biology. Critical steps are i) the isolation of viable glands, ii) expansion of organoids and iii) the microinjection. Below are some suggestions for modifications, troubleshooting and technical considerations.
Compared to other isolation methods, which use vigorous shaking or pipetting to release glands and can be equally successful, the technique presented here has the adva…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by EU Marie Curie Fellowship (EU/300686-InfO) to S.B. and a Research Prize from the United European Gastroenterology Foundation to H.C. We would like to thank Harry Begthel, Jeroen Korving and the Hubrecht Imaging Center for technical assistance, Meritxell Huch for help with initial organoid culture and Yana Zavros for discussion.
Materials
| Medium | |||
| HEPES | Invitrogen | 15630-056 | |
| Advanced DMEM/F12 | Invitrogen | 12634-028 | |
| Matrigel, GFR, phenol free | BD | 356231 | |
| GlutaMAX | Invitrogen | 35050-079 | Stock concentration 200 mM, final concentration 2 mM |
| B27 | Invitrogen | 17504-044 | Stock concentration 50 x, final concentration 1x |
| N-Acetylcysteine | Sigma-Aldrich | A9165-5G | Stock concentration 500 mM, final concentration 1 mM |
| Murine recombinant EGF | Invitrogen | PMG8043 | Stock concentration 500 µg/mL, final concentration 50 ng/mL |
| Human recombinant FGF10 | Peprotech | 100-26 | Stock concentration 100 µg/mL, final concentration 200 ng/mL |
| TGFβi A-83-01 | Tocris | 2939 | Stock concentration 500 µM, final concentration 2 µM |
| Nicotinamide | Sigma-Aldrich | N0636 | Stock concentration 1 M, final concentration 10 mM |
| [Leu15]-Gastrin | Sigma-Aldrich | G9145 | Stock concentration 100 µM, final concentration 1 nM |
| RHOKi Y-27632 | Sigma-Aldrich | Y0503 | Stock concentration 10 mM, final concentration 10 µM |
| Wnt3A conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Clevers Lab. Final concentration 50%. Cells can be obtained from Hans Clevers. | ||
| R-spondin1 conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Kuo Lab. Final concentration 10%. Cell line can be obtained from Calvin Kuo, Stanford. | ||
| Noggin conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Clevers Lab. Final concentration 10%. Cells can be obtained from Hans Clevers. | ||
| R-spondin3 | R&D | 3500-RS/CF | Alternative source for R-spondin. This has been tested on human intestine organoids (1 µg/mL), but not yet on gastric organoids. |
| Noggin | Peprotech | 120-10 | Alternative source for noggin. This has been tested on human intestine organoids (100 ng/mL), but not yet on gastric organoids. |
| TrypLE express | Life Technologies | 12605036 | Enzymatic dissociation solution |
| CoolCell® Alcohol-Free Cell Freezing Containers | biocision | BCS-405 | |
| Recovery Cell Culture Freezing Medium | Invitrogen | 12648-010 | |
| Antibiotics | |||
| Primocin | Invivogen | ant-pm-1 | An antibiotics composition agains bacteria and fungi. It is helpful after initiation of a culture. For long term culture you can switch to other antibiotics or none. |
| Penicillin/Streptomycin | Invitrogen | 15140-122 | Stock concentration 10000/10000 U/mL, final concentration 100/100 U/mL. Can be used alternatively to Primocin in long term culture. |
| Outro | |||
| Tweezers | Neolabs | 2-1033 | Tweezers with fine tips are helpful for the removal of muscle layer from the tissue. |
| 4 Well Multidishes | Thermo Scientific | 144444 | You can use other Multidishes. These were particularly helpful for microinjections because they have a low outer rim and allow more mobility for the manipulator. |
| Micromanipulator | Narishige | M-152 | |
| Microinjector | Narishige | IM-5B | |
| Stereomicroscope | Leica | MZ75 | |
| Workbench | Clean Air | Custom made to fit the stereomicroscope in ML2 condition | |
| Cappillaries | Harvard Apparatus | GC100T-10 | 1 mm outer diameter, 0,78 mm inner diameter. |
| Micropipette Puller | Sutter Instruments | Flaming Brown Micropipette Puller | |
| anti Cag A antibody | Santa Cruz | sc-25766 |
Referências
- Aiuto, L., et al. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Models to Investigate Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Neural Cells. PLoS ONE. 7 (11), e49700 (2012).
- Penkert, R. R., Kalejta, R. F. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Model Experimental Human Cytomegalovirus Latency. mBio. 4 (3), e00298-13-e00298-13 (2013).
- Roelandt, P., et al. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes support complete replication of hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol. 57 (2), 246-251 (2012).
- Schwartz, R. E., Trehan, K., et al. Modeling hepatitis C virus infection using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 109 (7), 2544-2548 (2012).
- Shlomai, A., et al. Modeling host interactions with hepatitis B virus using primary and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocellular systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111 (33), 12193-12198 (2014).
- Wu, X., et al. Productive Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Reveals a Critical Transition to Viral Permissiveness during Differentiation. PLoS Pathogens. 8 (4), e1002617 (2012).
- Yoshida, T., et al. Use of human hepatocyte-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells as a model for hepatocytes in hepatitis C virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 416 (1-2), 119-124 (2011).
- Ng, S., et al. Human iPSC-Derived Hepatocyte-like Cells Support Plasmodium Liver-Stage Infection In Vitro. Stem Cell Report. 4 (2), (2015).
- Klotz, C., Aebischer, T., Seeber, F. Stem cell-derived cell cultures and organoids for protozoan parasite propagation and studying host-parasite interaction. Int J Med Microbiol. 302 (4-5), 203-209 (2012).
- Engevik, M. A., et al. Loss of NHE3 alters gut microbiota composition and influences Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron growth. AJP: GI. 305 (10), G697-G711 (2013).
- Wilson, S. S., Tocchi, A., Holly, M. K., Parks, W. C., Smith, J. G. A small intestinal organoid model of non-invasive enteric pathogen-epithelial cell interactions. Mucosal Immunol. 8 (2), 352-361 (2015).
- McCracken, K. W., et al. Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids. Nature. 516 (7531), 400-404 (2014).
- Bartfeld, S., et al. In Vitro Expansion of Human Gastric Epithelial Stem Cells and Their Responses to Bacterial Infection. Gastroenterology. 148 (1), (2014).
- Schlaermann, P., Toelle, B., et al. A novel human gastric primary cell culture system for modelling Helicobacter pylori infection in vitro. Gut. , (2014).
- Bertaux-Skeirik, N., et al. CD44 Plays a Functional Role in Helicobacter pylori-induced Epithelial Cell Proliferation. PLOS Pathogens. 11 (2), e1004663 (2015).
- Sato, T., et al. Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche. Nature. 459 (7244), 262-265 (2009).
- Sato, T., et al. Long-term Expansion of Epithelial Organoids From Human Colon, Adenoma, Adenocarcinoma, and Barrett’s Epithelium. Gastroenterology. 141 (5), 1762-1772 (2011).
- Barker, N., et al. Lgr5+ve Stem Cells Drive Self-Renewal in the Stomach and Build Long-Lived Gastric Units In Vitro. Cell Stem Cell. 6 (1), 25-36 (2010).
- Huch, M., et al. In vitro expansion of single Lgr5+ liver stem cells induced by Wnt-driven regeneration. Nature. 494 (7436), 247-250 (2013).
- Huch, M., et al. Long-Term Culture of Genome-Stable Bipotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Liver. Cell. 160 (1-2), 299-312 (2015).
- Boj, S. F., et al. Organoid Models of Human and Mouse Ductal Pancreatic Cancer. Cell. 160 (1-2), 324-338 (2015).
- Karthaus, W. R., et al. Identification of multipotent luminal progenitor cells in human prostate organoid cultures. Cell. 159 (1), 163-175 (2014).
- Bartfeld, S., et al. High-throughput and single-cell imaging of NF-kappaB oscillations using monoclonal cell lines. BMC cell. 11, 21 (2010).
- Blanchard, T. G., Nedrud, J. G. Laboratory Maintenance of Helicobacter Species. Curr Protoc Microbiol. , (2006).
- Van Es, J. H., de Geest, N., van de Born, M., Clevers, H., Hassan, B. A. Intestinal stem cells lacking the Math1 tumour suppressor are refractory to Notch inhibitors. Nat Commun. 1 (2), 1-5 (2010).
- Andersson-Rolf, A., Fink, J., Mustata, R. C., Koo, B. -. K. A Video Protocol of Retroviral Infection in Primary Intestinal Organoid Culture. J Vis Exp. (90), (2014).
- Stange, D. E., Koo, B. -. K., et al. Differentiated Troy+ Chief Cells Act as Reserve Stem Cells to Generate All Lineages of the Stomach Epithelium. Cell. 155 (2), 357-368 (2013).
- Van de Wetering, M., Sancho, E., et al. The beta-catenin/TCF-4 complex imposes a crypt progenitor phenotype on colorectal cancer cells. Cell. 111 (2), 241-250 (2002).
- Schumacher, M. A., Aihara, E., et al. The use of murine-derived fundic organoids in studies of gastric physiology. Journal Physiol. 593 (8), 1809-1827 (2015).
- Schwank, G., Andersson-Rolf, A., Koo, B. -. K., Sasaki, N., Clevers, H. Generation of BAC Transgenic Epithelial Organoids. PLoS ONE. 8 (10), e76871 (2013).
- Koo, B. -. K., et al. Controlled gene expression in primary Lgr5 organoid cultures. Nat Meth. 9 (1), 81-83 (2012).
- Schwank, G., et al. Functional repair of CFTR by CRISPR/Cas9 in intestinal stem cell organoids of cystic fibrosis patients. Cell Stem Cell. 13 (6), 653-658 (2013).
- Li, V. S. W., Ng, S. S., et al. Wnt Signaling through Inhibition of β-Catenin Degradation in an Intact Axin1 Complex. Cell. 149 (6), 1245-1256 (2012).
- Van de Wetering, M., et al. Prospective derivation of a ‘Living Organoid Biobank’ of colorectal cancer patients. Cell. 161 (4), 933-945 (2015).
