利用人体肝干细胞人源化小鼠肝脏生成
Summary
Here, we present a novel humanized mouse liver model generated in Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice following the transplantation of immature and expandable human hepatic stem cells.
Abstract
A novel animal model involving chimeric mice with humanized livers established via human hepatocyte transplantation has been developed. These mice, in which the liver has been repopulated with functional human hepatocytes, could serve as a useful tool for investigating human hepatic cell biology, drug metabolism, and other preclinical applications. One of the key factors required for successful transplantation of human hepatocytes into mice is the elimination of the endogenous hepatocytes to prevent competition with the human cells and provide a suitable space and microenvironment for promoting human donor cell expansion and differentiation. To date, two major liver injury mouse models utilizing fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) and uroplasminogen activator (uPA) mice have been established. However, Fah mice are used mainly with mature hepatocytes and the application of the uPA model is limited by decreased breeding. To overcome these limitations, Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice were used for in vivo differentiation of immature human hepatocytes and humanized liver generation. Human hepatic stem cells (HpSCs) successfully repopulated the livers of Alb-TRECK/SCID mice that had developed lethal fulminant hepatic failure following diphtheria toxin (DT) treatment. This model of a humanized liver in Alb-TRECK/SCID mice will have functional applications in studies involving drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions and will promote other in vivo and in vitro studies.
Introduction
Mice are commonly used for pharmaceutical testing since biomedical research in humans is restricted1; however, these models are not always useful since they may inaccurately simulate the effects observed in humans. Most drugs in current medical use are metabolized primarily in the liver. However, the same drug can be metabolized into different metabolites in mouse and human livers because of inter-species differences. Thus, it is often difficult to determine during development whether a potential drug poses any risks for clinical applications2,3.
To address this problem, “humanized” mouse livers have been developed by growing human liver cells inside mice4-6; these models exhibit drug responses similar to those observed in the human liver. The primary mouse models currently used for humanized liver generation include uroplasminogen activator (uPA+/+) mice4,7, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah−/−) mice6, and the recently reported thymidine kinase (TK-NOG) mice.
However, previous reports have shown that transplanted human immature cells or stem cells are less competitive than adult human hepatocytes in Alb-uPA tg(+/−)Rag2(−/−) mouse livers8-10. Moreover, Fah−/− mice provide a growth advantage only for differentiated hepatocytes and not for immature liver progenitor cells11. The transplantation of human hepatic stem cells (HpSCs) into TK-NOG mice in the lab has been unsuccessful. Hence, no useful mouse model for the efficient engraftment of human immature liver cells currently exists.
Thus, we developed a novel Alb-TRECK/SCID mouse model that could be efficiently repopulated with human immature hepatocytes. This transgenic mouse model expresses human heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) receptors under the control of a liver cell-specific albumin promoter. Following the administration of diphtheria toxin (DT), these mice develop fulminant hepatitis due to conditional ablation of hepatocytes, enabling donor cell residency and proliferation12. Although mouse hepatocytes have been successfully transplanted into Alb-TRECK/SCID mice in previous studies13,14, the generation of a humanized liver using Alb-TRECK/SCID mice has yet to be reported.
In this study, humanized livers were generated in Alb-TRECK/SCID mice via transplantation of HpSCs. This humanized liver provides an in vivo environment for universal stem cell differentiation and the ability to predict human drug metabolism patterns and drug-drug interactions.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
最近的研究已经表明，在小鼠肝脏可以与人肝细胞，包括成人肝细胞和增殖性肝干细胞17被重新填充。这些重新填充肝脏已被用作临床前试验模型的药物代谢试验和药物发现和开发18;此外，他们提供了用于细胞的成熟和分化19 的体内环境。本研究的主要目的是要产生，允许人未成熟肝细胞增殖，成熟和分化，对采集的药物代谢活动的新颖性肝病的小鼠模型。
<p cla…Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the Mammalian Genetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, for providing the mice. We also thank S. Aoyama and Y. Adachi of the ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) & Toxicology Research Institute, Sekisui Medical Company Ltd., Japan, and K. Kozakai and Y. Yamada for assistance with LC-MS/MS analysis. This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), Japan to Y-W.Z. (18591421, 20591531, and 23591872); by the Jiangsu innovative and entrepreneurial project for the introduction of high-level talent and the Jiangsu science and technology planning project (BE2015669); and by grants to H.T. for Strategic Promotion of Innovative Research and Development (S-innovation, 62890004) from the Japan Science and Technology Agency.
Materials
| Human albumin | Sigma | A6684 | Mouse | IgG2a |
| Human CK19 | Dako | M088801 | Mouse | IgG1 |
| Human nuclei | Millipore | MAB1281 | Mouse | IgG1 |
| Human CK8/18 | Progen | GP11 | Guinea pig | Polyclonal |
| CDCP1 | Biolegend | 324006 | Mouse | IgG2b |
| CD90 | BD | 559869 | Mouse | IgG1 |
| CD66 | BD | 551479 | Mouse | IgG2a |
| GOT/AST-PIII | Fujifilm | 14A2X10004000009 | ||
| DMEM/F-12 | Gibco | 11320-033 | ||
| FBS | Biowest | S1520 | ||
| 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA | Gibco | 25300-054 | ||
| Diphtheria Toxin | Sigma | D0564-1MG | ||
| Human Albumin ELISA Kit | Bethyl Laboratories | E88-129 | ||
| Syringe (1ml) | Terumo | SS-01T | ||
| 32G 1/2" needle | TSK | PRE-32013 | ||
| O.C.T.Compound(118ml) | Sakura Finetek Japan | 4583 | ||
| MoFlo high-speed cell sorter | Beckman Coulter | B25982 | ||
| DRI-CHEM 7000 | Fujifilm | 14B2X10002000046 |
Referências
- Muruganandan, S., Sinal, C. Mice as clinically relevant models for the study of cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83, 818-828 (2008).
- Nishimura, T., et al. Using chimeric mice with humanized livers to predict human drug metabolism and a drug-drug interaction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 344, 388-396 (2013).
- Suemizu, H., et al. Establishment of a humanized model of liver using NOD/Shi-scid IL2Rgnull mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 377, 248-252 (2008).
- Tateno, C., et al. Near completely humanized liver in mice shows human-type metabolic responses to drugs. Am. J. Pathol. 165, 901-912 (2004).
- Hasegawa, M., et al. The reconstituted ‘humanized liver’in TK-NOG mice is mature and functional. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 405, 405-410 (2011).
- Azuma, H., et al. Robust expansion of human hepatocytes in Fah−/−/Rag2−/−/Il2rg−/− mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 903-910 (2007).
- Rhim, J. A., Sandgren, E. P., Degen, J. L., Palmiter, R. D., Brinster, R. L. Replacement of diseased mouse liver by hepatic cell transplantation. Science. 263, 1149-1152 (1994).
- Haridass, D., et al. Repopulation efficiencies of adult hepatocytes, fetal liver progenitor cells, and embryonic stem cell-derived hepatic cells in albumin-promoter-enhancer urokinase-type plasminogen activator mice. Am. J. Pathol. 175, 1483-1492 (2009).
- Sharma, A. D., et al. Murine embryonic stem cell-derived hepatic progenitor cells engraft in recipient livers with limited capacity of liver tissue formation. Cell. Transplant. 17, 313-323 (2008).
- Peltz, G. Can ‘humanized’ mice improve drug development in the 21st century. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 34, 255-260 (2013).
- Zhu, S., et al. Mouse liver repopulation with hepatocytes generated from human fibroblasts. Nature. 508, 93-97 (2014).
- Saito, M., et al. Diphtheria toxin receptor-mediated conditional and targeted cell ablation in transgenic mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 746-750 (2001).
- Ishii, T., et al. Transplantation of embryonic stem cell-derived endodermal cells into mice with induced lethal liver damage. Stem Cells. 25, 3252-3260 (2007).
- Machimoto, T., et al. Improvement of the survival rate by fetal liver cell transplantation in a mice lethal liver failure model. Transplantation. 84, 1233-1239 (2007).
- Taniguchi, H., Zheng, Y. -. W. Human hepatic stem cell, method for preparation of the same, method for induction of differentiation of the same, and method for utilization of the same. Japan Patent. , (2015).
- Zhang, R. -. R., et al. Human hepatic stem cells transplanted into a fulminant hepatic failure Alb-TRECK/SCID mouse model exhibit liver reconstitution and drug metabolism capabilities. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 6, 1-12 (2015).
- Strom, S. C., Davila, J., Grompe, M. Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver: Tools for the Study of Drug Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity. Hepatocytes. , 491-509 (2010).
- Zhang, D., Luo, G., Ding, X., Lu, C. Preclinical experimental models of drug metabolism and disposition in drug discovery and development. Acta Pharm. Sin. B. 2, 549-561 (2012).
- Nowak, G., et al. Identification of expandable human hepatic progenitors which differentiate into mature hepatic cells in vivo. Gut. 54, 972-979 (2005).
- Naglich, J. G., Metherall, J. E., Russell, D. W., Eidels, L. Expression cloning of a diphtheria toxin receptor: identity with a heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor precursor. Cell. 69, 1051-1061 (1992).
- Mitamura, T., Higashiyama, S., Taniguchi, N., Klagsbrun, M., Mekada, E. Diphtheria toxin binds to the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain of human heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor/diphtheria toxin receptor and inhibits specifically its mitogenic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1015-1019 (1995).
- Liu, Y., Yang, R., He, Z., Gao, W. -. Q. Generation of functional organs from stem cells. Cell Regener. 2, 1 (2013).
