De alto rendimento, Multi-Imagem Cryohistology de mineralizadas tecidos
Summary
In this manuscript, we present a high-throughput, semi-automated cryohistology platform to produce aligned composite images of multiple response measures from several rounds of fluorescent imaging on frozen sections of mineralized tissues.
Abstract
There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious projects to disrupt every gene in the mouse genome. The research community needs rapid and inexpensive means to phenotype tissues via histology. Histological analyses of skeletal tissues are often time consuming and semi-quantitative at best, regularly requiring subjective interpretation of slides from trained individuals. Here, we present a cryohistological paradigm for efficient and inexpensive phenotyping of mineralized tissues. First, we present a novel method of tape-stabilized cryosectioning that preserves the morphology of mineralized tissues. These sections are then adhered rigidly to glass slides and imaged repeatedly over several rounds of staining. The resultant images are then aligned either manually or via computer software to yield composite stacks of several layered images. The protocol allows for co-localization of numerous molecular signals to specific cells within a given section. In addition, these fluorescent signals can be quantified objectively via computer software. This protocol overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with histology of mineralized tissues and can serve as a platform for high-throughput, high-content phenotyping of musculoskeletal tissues moving forward.
Introduction
Pesquisa biológica, muitas vezes requer fenotipagem eficiente, o que é frequentemente associada com algum tipo de análise histológica 1-3. Esta necessidade é ainda mais evidente com os projectos ambiciosos para interromper cada gene no genoma do rato 4. Estas análises histológicas pode variar de avaliar a morfologia celular e / ou características anatómicas a expressão de mapeamento de genes específicos ou proteínas para células individuais. Na verdade, uma das contribuições fundamentais de histologia para o campo da genômica é a capacidade de associar um sinal molecular específica para uma região ou célula tipo específico.
Os métodos tradicionais de histologia, especialmente para tecidos músculo-esqueléticas, são muitas vezes demorado e trabalhoso, exigindo, por vezes semanas para corrigir, descalcificação, seção, mancha e imagem do espécime, em seguida, analisar as imagens através da interpretação humana. Análise de múltiplos sinais moleculares, quer seja através de imuno-histoquímica, em hybridizat situion, ou colorações especiais, requer várias seções e até mesmo várias amostras para realizar de forma adequada. Além disso, estas várias respostas não podem ser co-localizadas à mesma célula e, por vezes, pode não ser co-localizados a uma região específica de uma dada amostra. Como o campo da genómica e epigenomics se move para a era digital, o campo histológico também deve seguir o mesmo caminho para fornecer eficiente e de alta taxa de transferência e análise automatizada de uma variedade de sinais moleculares dentro de um único corte histológico.
De fato, há uma demanda para melhoria de técnicas histológicas que podem associar vários sinais moleculares às células específicas dentro de uma dada amostra. Recentemente, publicou um novo método cryohistological de alto rendimento para avaliar várias medidas de resposta dentro de um determinado seção de tecido mineralizado 5-14. O processo envolve a estabilização do criocorte com cryotape congelado, fazendo aderir a secção gravado rigidamente a uma lâmina de microscópio, ea realização de várias rodadas de coloração e de imagem em cada seção. Estes ciclos de imagens são então alinhadas manualmente ou através de automação computador antes de análise de imagem (Figura 1). Aqui, apresentamos protocolos detalhados deste processo e fornecer exemplos onde estas técnicas têm melhorado nossa compreensão dos diferentes processos biológicos.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Aqui nós apresentamos um protocolo cryohistology detalhada para co-localizar e quantificar várias medidas biológicas, alinhando imagens de várias rodadas de coloração / imagens em uma única seção. O método descrito utilizando o cryotape é especialmente útil uma vez que mantém a morfologia do tecido difícil de secção (por exemplo, osso mineralizado e cartilagem). Além disso, o tecido seccionados é aderida firmemente para a lâmina de vidro, para permitir que vários ciclos de coloração / imag…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the following funding sources: NIH R01-AR063702, R21-AR064941, K99-AR067283, and T90-DE021989.
Materials
| 10% neutral buffered formalin | Sigma Aldrich | HT501128-4L | Multiple suppliers available. Toxic. Can be substituted with 4% paraformaldehyde. |
| Sucrose | Sigma Aldrich | S9378 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| PBS | Sigma Aldrich | P5368 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Cryomolds | Fisher Scientific | Fisherbrand #22-363-554 | Different sizes can be used depending on tissue |
| Cryomatrix | Thermo Scientific | 6769006 | Can be substitituted with other cryomatrices. However, PVA/PEG-based resins have worked best in our hands. |
| 2-methyl-butane | Sigma Aldrich | M32631 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Cryostat | Leica Biosystems | 3050s | Can be substituted with other brands/models. |
| Specimen disc | Leica Biosystems | 14037008587 | Can be substituted with other brands/models. |
| Cryostat blades | Thermo Scientific | 3051835 | Can be substituted with other brands/models. |
| Cryotape | Section Lab | Cryofilm 2C | |
| Roller | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 62800-46 | Can be substituted with other brands/models. |
| Plastic microscope slides | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 71890-01 | Can be substituted with other brands/models. |
| Glass microscope slides | Thermo Scientific | 3051 | Can be substituted with other brands/models. |
| Norland Optical Adhesive, 61 | Norland Optical | Norland Optical Adhesive, 61 | |
| UV Black Light | General Electric | F15T8-BLB | |
| Glacial acetic acid | Sigma Aldrich | ARK2183 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Chitosan | Sigma Aldrich | C3646 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| InSpeck red microscopheres | ThermoFisher Scientific | I-14787 | |
| InSpeck green microspheres | ThermoFisher Scientific | I-14785 | |
| Calcein Blue | Sigma Aldrich | M1255 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Calcein | Sigma Aldrich | C0875 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Alizarin complexone | Sigma Aldrich | A3882 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Demeclocycline | Sigma Aldrich | D6140 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| NaHCO3 | Sigma Aldrich | S5761 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Glycerol | Sigma Aldrich | G5516 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| ELF 97 yellow fluorescent acid phosphatase substrate | ThermoFisher Scientific | E-6588 | |
| DAPI | ThermoFisher Scientific | 62247 | Multiple suppliers available. Can be substituted with Hoechst 33342 or other nuclear dyes. |
| TO-PRO-3 (Cy5 nuclear counterstain) | ThermoFisher Scientific | T3605 | |
| Propidium Iodide | ThermoFisher Scientific | R37108 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Sodium acetate anhydrous | Sigma Aldrich | S2889 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| sodium tartrate dibasic dihydrate | Sigma Aldrich | T6521 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Sodium nitrite | Sigma Aldrich | S2252 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Tris | Sigma Aldrich | 15504 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| MgCl2 hexahydrate | Sigma Aldrich | M9272 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| NaCl | Sigma Aldrich | S7653 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Fast Red TR Salt | Sigma Aldrich | F8764 | Multiple suppliers available. Can also be substituted with other substrate kits such as Vector Blue (Vector Laboratories, Cat# SK-5300) |
| Naphthol AS-MX | Sigma Aldrich | N4875 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| N,N dimethylformamide | Sigma Aldrich | D158550 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Toluidine blue O | Sigma Aldrich | T3260 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| Axio Scan.Z1 | Carl Zeiss AG | Axio Scan.Z1 | Other linear or tiled scanners may also be used. |
| DAPI Filter Set | Chroma Technology Corp. | 49000 | |
| CFP Filter Set | Chroma Technology Corp. | 49001 | |
| GFP Filter Set | Chroma Technology Corp. | 49020 | |
| YFP Filter Set | Chroma Technology Corp. | 49003 | |
| Custom yellow (ELF 97) Filter Set | Chroma Technology Corp. | custom; HQ409sp, HQ555/30m, 425dxcr | |
| TRITC Filter Set | Chroma Technology Corp. | 49004 | |
| Cy5 Filter Set | Chroma Technology Corp. | 49009 | |
| CryoJane Tape Transfer System | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 62800-10 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| CryoJane Tape Windows | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 62800-72 | Multiple suppliers available. |
| CryoJane Adhesive Slides | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 62800-4X | Multiple suppliers available. |
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