Summary

皮下三叉神经场刺激难治性面部疼痛

Published: May 10, 2017
doi:

Summary

当医疗或标准治疗失败时,治疗慢性或神经性面部疼痛可能具有挑战性。皮下神经域刺激是神经调节的最小侵入形式,用于慢性背痛。我们应用这项技术治疗慢性和神经性三叉神经面部疼痛。

Abstract

慢性或神经性三叉神经面痛可能是具有挑战性的治疗。当保守治疗失败时,应适用神经外科手术。慢性面部疼痛的神经调节技术包括深层脑刺激和运动皮层刺激,这些复杂的表现。皮下神经域刺激被认证为慢性背痛,是神经调节的最小侵入形式。我们应用这种技术治疗慢性和神经性三叉神经痛作为个体治疗概念。首先,进行试验刺激。在局部麻醉下将皮下引线置于疼痛的三叉神经皮肤。引线连接到应用恒定刺激的外部神经刺激器。患者接受12天门诊试验以评估刺激的效果。试验后电极被去除。如果患者报告疼痛减轻至少50%的强度和/或攻击频率,则减少用药或提高生活质量,定期进行永久植入。在全身麻醉下植入新电极,并皮下隧道穿入锁骨内部脉冲发生器。患者能够根据需要打开和关闭刺激并增加或减少刺激幅度。

这种技术代表了三叉神经痛的其他更具侵入性的神经调节手段,如运动皮层刺激或深部脑刺激的最小侵入性替代方法。

Introduction

用于治疗三叉神经痛的神经外科手术与潜在病因相同大小多样。在三叉神经微血管减压(MVD) 1脑干根进入区动脉压缩造成的经典三叉神经痛(TN)的情况下,高度有效。 加速器神经节的经皮破坏性技术(如射频热凝,甘油注射或气囊压缩2 )和三叉神经痛立体定向放射外科手术可应用于无神经血管疾病或无明显外科手术禁忌症的情况。然而,所有技术都与某些疼痛复发率相关。此外,治疗本身具有导致神经性疼痛或甚至疼痛的创伤后三叉神经病变的神经损伤的风险。最后,三叉神经痛来源于中心(例如脑卒中后疼痛)将不会对Gasser神经节的MVD或破坏性技术作出反应,但需要通过神经调节治疗,如深部脑刺激(DBS)或运动皮层刺激(MCS)。

神经调节是用于外科技术的术语,其似乎改变神经活动而不引起不可逆的组织损伤。神经调节治疗是可逆的,适应性的,通常可以间断或连续地将电流施加到外周或中枢神经系统的部分。有几种认证(CE和/或FDA批准)治疗可用于治疗躯干和四肢的慢性和/或神经性疼痛,如硬膜外脊髓刺激(SCS),周围神经区域刺激(PNFS)或背根神经节刺激(DRG) 4 。然而,目前没有CE或FDA批准的治疗可用于慢性神经性面部和三叉神经痛/ P>

针对不同来源的慢性面部疼痛患者,深部脑刺激(DBS)和运动皮层刺激(MCS)已被应用于多种病例系列。然而,这两种技术都具有高度的复杂性,并且需要特殊的医师专长。当保守治疗失败并且需要避免破坏性技术时,需要简单,成本效益和有效的慢性三叉神经和面部疼痛的神经调节。

除外科手术外,一系列非侵入性或临时形式的神经调节可用于治疗慢性疼痛( 例如 PENS:经皮电神经刺激,TENS:经皮电神经刺激,TMS:经颅磁刺激)。

皮下周围神经域刺激(sPNFS)是神经调节的最小侵入形式。一个或多个电极a重新置于疼痛区域的皮下组织中。应用持续的电刺激来产生令人愉悦的感觉异常,涵盖痛苦的区域。确切的行动机制是未知的。然而,尽管存在所有缺点,但类似的机制,如门控制理论,或其变化,假设抑制性纤维的伤害性输入的调制是最常用的。另外,讨论了周围神经纤维的局部去极化阻滞,其兴奋性降低以及关于炎性蛋白质的微环境变化。

如在大多数神经调节程序中,执行连接到脉冲发生器的外部电极的测试试验以评估在完全植入式脉冲发生器(IPG)被放置在皮下组织中并连接到电极之前的有效性,作为用于刺激的电源治疗情况CCESS。没有一个积极的测试试验的一般定义,但在视觉模拟量表(VAS)上减少50%或更多的疼痛通常被认为是标志性标准。此外,减少口服止痛药物或提高生活质量可能是有利于植入永久性系统的因素。

外周神经域刺激被认证用于慢性腰痛8 ,并已被用于局部慢性疼痛综合征( 例如 ,发作后疼痛)。它也用作枕骨神经刺激(ONS)治疗慢性偏头痛和丛集性头痛9 。几项非随机研究表明,三叉神经根皮瘤中sPNFS用于不同来源的慢性和神经性难治性疼痛(经典TN,非典型TN,疱疹后三叉神经病,MS相关性三叉神经病,持续性特发性面部疼痛) 10 </sup> 11,12

皮下三叉神经区域刺激(sTNFS)容易且快速。与DBS或MCS相反,sTNFS可以作为门诊手术(如果报销)执行。没有颅内或硬膜外出血的风险。癫痫发作不发生。试验刺激是在动态的环境下进行的,以便病人能够在执行他的日常生活中评估刺激效果,而不是绑在医院病床上。无需广泛的术前或术前成像来确定电极的正确位置。在考虑神经病理或中枢性疼痛患者的MCS或DBS之前,sTNFS可以被认为是在应用经皮破坏性手术或作为较少侵入性类型的神经调节之前调节疼痛感知和加工的治疗选择。

Protocol

注意:所有程序都是作为单独的治疗尝试(“Individualueller Heilversuch”)执行的。并遵守当地的伦理委员会(Ethikkommission Heidelberg)以及关于个人治疗尝试的国家法律。患者被治疗医师广泛告知治疗的性质,程序,风险和益处。在开始手术之前,所有患者都提供书面知情同意书。个人治疗尝试需要得到患者医疗保健服务的报销。这必须由治疗医师在安排程序之前获得。 适应症…

Representative Results

由于皮下三叉神经域刺激(sTNFS)不是标准治疗,与其他疾病相比,潜在受益的患者数量相当小,所以只有较小的病例系列表现出sTNFS的结果。在一个系列中,10例患者接受了sTNFS的检测刺激。八名患者对治疗作出反应,并接受电极和IPG 11的永久植入。患者患有三叉神经痛,与多发性硬化有关的三叉神经病变,疱疹后三叉神经病,放射性三叉神经病和?…

Discussion

通过皮下三叉神经域刺激(sTNFS),我们提出了一种手术技术,用于对不同病因的三叉神经的慢性难治性疼痛进行微创神经调节。

减少并发症彻底消毒整个手术领域至关重要。任何不必要的皮肤穿孔可能会随着系统的连续损失而增加设备感染的风险。医生应始终注意电极的植入深度,因为当植入距离皮肤表面0.5厘米以下时,它们会侵蚀皮肤。使用固定装置固定电极应彻底执行…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到DFG(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft)资助的合作研究中心1158(SFB1158 From nociception to chronic pain:Structure-Function properties of neural pathways and their reorganization)的部分支持。

Materials

myStim Patient Programmer Medtronic 97740 enables the patient to turn off and on stimulation
Prime Advanced Medtronic 97702 non-rechargeable IPG as powersource for stimulation
Restore Ultra Medtronic 97712 rechargeable IPG as powersource for stimulation
Charging System Medtronic 97754 used by the patient to recharge the Restore Ultra IPG
N'Vision Programmer Medtronic 8840 used by the physician to program the IPG and define stimulation parameters
External Neurostimulator Medtronic 37022 external IPG as powersource for trial stimulation with externalized electrodes
Advanced Screening Cable Medtronic 355531 connects externalized electrodes to the external neurostimulator during trial stimulation
Tunnelling Spear 60cm Medtronic 3655-60 used to subcutaneously tunnel the permanent electrodes to an infraclavicular pocket that houses the IPG
Tunnelling Spear 38cm Medtronic 3655-38 used to subcutaneously tunnel the permanent electrodes to an infraclavicular pocket that houses the IPG
Tuhoy Cannula Medtronic 3550-32 14 gauge Epidural Tuhoy cannula (length 9cm) to subcutaneously implant the electrodes
InjexFixation Device Medtronic 97791 / 97792 used to fixate the electrodes on the skin or on the muscle fascia
Octad Compact Medtronic 3878-60 permanent electrode (length 60cm) implanted in the subcutaneous tissue with 8 contacts
Vectris Trial Lead Medtronic 977D260 externalized electrode (length 60cm) used during the stimulation trial
Ethilon*II 3-0 Ethicon EH7933H non-absorbable suture for skin closure
Seide 2-0 Resorba 40221 non-absorbable silk suture to fixate electrodes and IPG
Resolon DS21 Resorba 881413 absorbable suture for subcutaneous wound closure
Feather disposable scalpel Feather 5205052 single use scalpel for skin incision and suture cutting
Scandicain 1% Astra Zeneca 23186 1% Mepivacain solution for local anesthesia
Cosmopor E steril 10×6 Hartmann 900871 Sterile draping for IPG wound
Cosmopor E steril 7,2×5 Hartmann 900870 Sterile draping for skin punctures and small incisions
Foliodrape Comfort 50×50 Hartmann 252302 Sterile draping for the surgical field
Cephazolin Fresenius 6062403.00.00 Single shot perioperative antibiotic
Kepinol forte 800mg/160mg Dr. R. Pfleger Chemische Fabrik 2485177 Postoperative prophylactic oral antibiotic
Poly-Alcohol Antiseptica UN1219 Coloured skin disinfectant used during the permanent implantation
Cutasept F Bode 976800 Un-Coloured skin disinfectant used during the trial implantation

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Jakobs, M., Schuh-Hofer, S., Unterberg, A., Ahmadi, R. Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain. J. Vis. Exp. (123), e55408, doi:10.3791/55408 (2017).

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