Prueba color como una herramienta presuntiva para la detección rápida de sintético Cathinones
Summary
Aquí presentamos un protocolo de prueba química simple, barato y selectivo para la detección de cathinones sintético, una clase de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas. El protocolo es conveniente para el uso en varias áreas de aplicación de la ley que encontrar material ilícito.
Abstract
Cathinones sintéticos son una clase grande de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas (NPS) que son cada vez más frecuentes en las incautaciones de drogas hechas por aplicación de la ley y otras agencias de protección de frontera a nivel mundial. Prueba de color es una técnica de identificación presuntiva que indica la presencia o ausencia de una clase de medicamento en particular usando métodos químicos rápidos y sin complicaciones. Debido a su relativamente reciente aparición, una prueba de color para la identificación específica de cathinones sintético no está disponible actualmente. En este estudio, presentamos un protocolo para la identificación presuntiva de cathinones sintéticas, empleando tres soluciones acuosas de reactivos: nitrato de cobre (II), 2, 9-Dimetil-1, 10-fenantrolina (neocuproine) y acetato de sodio. Cabeza de alfiler pequeño tamaño cantidades (aproximadamente 0.1-0.2 mg) de los fármacos sospechosos se añade a los pocillos de una porcelana spot placa y cada reactivo se añaden gota a gota secuencialmente antes de calentar en la placa caliente. Un cambio de color de azul muy claro a anaranjado después de 10 minutos indica la presencia probable de cathinones sintético. El reactivo altamente estable y específico tiene el potencial para el uso en la investigación presuntiva de muestras desconocidas para cathinones sintética en un laboratorio forense. Sin embargo, la molestia de un paso de calefacción adicional para el resultado del cambio de color limita la prueba a solicitud del laboratorio y disminuye la probabilidad de una traducción fácil a las pruebas de campo.
Introduction
El mercado ilícito de drogas funciona semejantemente a un negocio tradicional al evolucionar y adaptarse a un mercado cambiante. Avances en la tecnología moderna, concretamente, la proliferación global de comunicación de gran alcance ha visto mayor compras online a través de la oscura red1 y amplio conocimiento compartido entre los usuarios a través de foros en línea2. Combinado con los avances en química, la rápida aparición de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas (NPS) creó un serio desafío para el control de drogas nacionales e internacionales.
NPS son potencialmente peligrosas sustancias de abuso que tienen efectos similares a drogas bajo un control internacional. Inicialmente comercializado como alternativas “legales”, 739 NPS se notificaron a la oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la droga y el delito (UNODC) entre 2009 y 20163. Según el informe anual más reciente, un número récord de NPS se incautaron en la frontera australiana, con la mayoría de los analizados, más identificada como cathinones sintético4. A escala mundial, asimientos de cathinones sintético han estado aumentando constantemente desde primero divulgado en 2010 y son uno de los NPS comúnmente decomisado5.
Los desafíos planteados por NPS han sido un tema ampliamente publicado de discusión6,7. Laboratorios forenses y personal policial se quedaron en desventaja sin métodos adecuados para detectar e identificar NPS durante su rápida aparición. Extensa investigación en la detección de NPS, incluyendo cathinones sintético, en el material incautado, ha empleado la cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas (GC-MS)8 y líquido cromatografía de alta resolución espectrometría de masas (LC-HRMS)9 para Análisis confirmatorio. Aumento de la demanda para la preparación de la muestra mínima ha visto infrarrojo y Raman espectroscopia10 estudios como análisis de espectrometría de masa de ionización ambiental, como análisis directo en tiempo real de espectrometría de masas (DART-MS)11, 12. la necesidad de análisis rápido, sensible en el campo también ha visto la incorporación de papel spray ionización-espectrometría de masas (PSI-MS) en dispositivos portátiles para uso por aplicación de la ley13. Muchas de las técnicas instrumentales ofrecen análisis confirmatorio con detección sensible y resultados cuantitativos. Sin embargo, para el análisis de alto rendimiento, pueden ser desperdiciadores de tiempo debido a la preparación de muestras, tiempos de ejecución y entrenamiento en instrumentos y mantenimiento.
Pruebas de presunta color están diseñadas para sugerir la presencia o ausencia de ciertas clases de drogas en una muestra de prueba14. El grupo de trabajo científico para el análisis de drogas incautados (SWGDRUG) clasifica el color como la técnica de alimentación más exigente, junto con la espectroscopia ULTRAVIOLETA e inmunoensayos15. Sin embargo, se emplean masivamente por aplicación de la ley y otro personal de seguridad como medio para proporcionar resultados rápidos a un costo significativamente menor en comparación con otras técnicas. La principal ventaja ofrecida por color spot métodos de prueba es la capacidad para llevar a cabo en el campo utilizando equipos de prueba portátil.
La selectividad de pruebas de color se basa en las reacciones químicas individuales que ocurren entre el reactivo y la clase de drogas de interés para crear un cambio de color. Prueba presuntiva de los protocolos actuales carecen de una prueba especial para detectar cathinones sintético a menudo se emplean reactivos utilizados que carecen de especificidad y que contienen sustancias peligrosas. Otros reactivos recomendados no han sido testados en una gran cantidad de catinona sintético posible sustancias16.
El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un protocolo de prueba de color simple que puede ser fácilmente empleado por las partes interesadas para la proyección preliminar de cathinones sintética de sustancias ilícitas de composición desconocida. Interesados incluiría la aplicación de la ley, organismos de protección de la frontera, laboratorios forenses y demás personal de seguridad pertinentes. Los métodos propuestos emplean una reacción de oxidación reducción que ocurre entre el reactivo Complejo cobre aceptan electrones y las moléculas de droga electrónica rico catinona sintético. Mediante estos métodos químicos desarrollados, uno puede aplicar en forma de una prueba presuntiva color para sugerir la presencia de cathinones sintético.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Este protocolo de prueba de color es una adaptación del trabajo experimental publicado por Al-Obaid et al. 18 en el que los autores demostraron un cambio de color se produce en presencia de catinona extraído de la planta de khat. Modificaciones en el protocolo publicado eran necesarios prever su aplicación en la detección de presunto tráfico ilícito de drogas. La consideración más importante era reducir la magnitud de la reacción. El protocolo descrito en el presente documento es…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Los autores desean reconocer el apoyo brindado a Morgan Philp a través de un australiano investigación formación programa de beca del gobierno.
Materials
| Chemicals | |||
| Reagents and solvents | |||
| neocuproine hemihydrate | Sigma-Aldrich | 72090 | ≥99.0%. Acute toxicity |
| copper(II) nitrate trihydrate | Sigma Aldrich | 61197 | 98.0%-103% |
| sodium acetate | Ajax Finechem | AJA680 | anhydrous |
| hydrochloric acid | RCI Labscan | RP 1106 | 36%. Corrosive |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Powders | |||
| ascorbic acid | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 104 | L |
| benzocaine | Sigma-Aldrich | E1501 | |
| benzoic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | 242381 | ≥99.5% |
| boric acid | Silform Chemicals | R27410 | |
| caffeine | Sigma-Aldrich | C0750 | |
| cellulose | Sigma-Aldrich | 435236 | microcrystalline |
| calcium chloride | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 960 | |
| citric acid | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 160 | |
| codeine phosphate | Glaxo | – | Acute toxicity |
| cysteine | Sigma-Aldrich | 168149 | L |
| dimethylsulfone | Sigma-Aldrich | M81705 | 98% |
| ephedrine HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | 285749 | 99%. Acute toxicity |
| glucose | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 783 | D, anhydrous |
| glutathione | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 234 | |
| glycine | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 1083 | |
| lactose | Sigma | L254 | D, monohydrate |
| levamisole HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | PHR1798 | Acute toxicity |
| magnesium sulphate | Scharlau | MA0080 | anhydrous, extra pure |
| maltose | AJAX Finechem LABCHEM | 1126 | Bacteriological |
| mannitol | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 310 | |
| O-acetylsalicylic Acid | Sigma-Aldrich | A5376 | |
| phenethylamine | Sigma-Aldrich | 241008 | |
| phenolphthalein | AJAX Finechem LABCHEM | 368 | Acute toxicity |
| potassium carbonate | Chem-Supply | PA021 | AR, anhydrous |
| sodium carbonate | Chem-Supply | SA099 | AR, anhydrous |
| sodium chloride | Rowe Scientific | CC10363 | |
| starch | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 1254 | soluble |
| stearic acid | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 1255 | |
| sucrose | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 530 | |
| tartaric acid | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 537 | (+) |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Household products | |||
| artificial sweetener | ALDI Be Light | n/a | Contains aspartame |
| brown sugar | CSR | n/a | |
| icing sugar | CSR | n/a | |
| caster sugar | CSR | n/a | |
| paracetamol tablet | Panadol | n/a | |
| protein powder | Aussie Bodies ProteinFX | n/a | |
| self-raising | Woolworths Australia Homebrand | n/a | |
| plain flour | Woolworths Australia Homebrand | n/a | |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Reference compounds | controlled or illegal substances | ||
| Cathinone-type substances | |||
| 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone HCl (MOPPP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1024 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-phenyl-2-methylamino-pentan-1-one HCl | Lipomed | PTD-1507-HC | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,3-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,3-DMMC) | Chiron Chemicals | 10970.12 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,4,5-trimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4,5-TMMC) | Chiron Chemicals | 10927.13 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4-DMMC) | Chiron Chemicals | 10971.12 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-benzylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-butanone HCl (BMDB) | Chiron Chemicals | 10925.18 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-fluoromethcathinone HCl (2-FMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1275.64 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-methylmethcathinone HCl (2-MMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1387.02 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D973 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (DMMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D962 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone HCl (MDMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D942 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D977 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone HCl (MDPV) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D951b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3-bromomethcathinone HCl (3-BMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1035 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3-fluoromethcathinone HCl (3-FMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D947b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3-methylmethcathinone HCl (3-MMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1387.03 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-bromomethcathinone HCl (4-BMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1387.11 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluoromethcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D969 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methoxymethcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D952 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D968 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylmethcathinone HCl (4-MMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D937b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methyl-N-benzylcathinone HCl (4-MBC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1026 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methyl-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D964 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D974 | Acute toxicity potential |
| cathinone HCl (bk-amphetamine) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D929 | Acute toxicity potential |
| dibutylone HCl (bk-DMBDB) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1027 | Acute toxicity potential |
| iso-ethcathinone HCl | Chiron Chemicals | 10922.11 | Acute toxicity potential |
| methcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D724 | Acute toxicity potential |
| methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D960 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N,N-diethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D957 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D958 | Acute toxicity potential |
| naphthylpyrovalerone HCl (naphyrone) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D981 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxycathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D959 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N-ethylbuphedrone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1013 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N-ethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D938b | Acute toxicity potential |
| pentylone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D992 | Acute toxicity potential |
| pyrovalerone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D985 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-dimethylaminobutyrophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1011 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-dimethylaminopentiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1006 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-ethylaminopentiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1005 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl (α-PBP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1012 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D986b | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D956 | Acute toxicity potential |
| β-keto-N-methyl-3,4-benzodioxyolylbutanamine HCl (bk-MBDB) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D948 | Acute toxicity potential |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Other substances | |||
| (-)-ephedrine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M924 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (-)-methylephedrine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M243 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+)-cathine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M297 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)- 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D842 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)- N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D792c | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-methamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D816e | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDEA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D739c | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D450a | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-phenylpropanolamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M296 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (2S*,3R*)-2-methyl-3-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]glycidic acid methyl ester | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D903 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine HCl (mCPP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D907 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine HCl (TFMPP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D906 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-benzylpiperazine HCl (BZP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D905 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenylethylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D922 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine HCl (DOM) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D470b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthio-phenylethylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D919 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D749 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-bromo-4-methylpropiophenone | Synthesised in-house | n/a | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-fluoroamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D946 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-fluoromethamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D933 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D453b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP2P) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D810b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D396b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D758b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluoroamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D943b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluorococaine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D854b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluoromethamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D934 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-hydroxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D824b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methoxyamphetamine HCl (PMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D756 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methoxymethamphetamine HCl (PMMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D908b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylmethamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D963 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylpropiophenone | Sigma-Aldrich | 517925 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D954 | Acute toxicity potential |
| amphetamine sulphate | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D420d | Acute toxicity potential |
| cocaine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D747b | Acute toxicity potential |
| dimethamphetamine (DMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D693d | Acute toxicity potential |
| gamma-hydroxy butyrate | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D812b | Acute toxicity potential |
| heroin HCl | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 0037.20 | Acute toxicity potential |
| ketamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D686b | Acute toxicity potential |
| methoxetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D989 | Acute toxicity potential |
| methylamine HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | M0505 | Acute toxicity potential |
| phencyclidine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D748 | Acute toxicity potential |
| phentermine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D781 | Acute toxicity potential |
| triethylamine | Sigma-Aldrich | T0886 | Acute toxicity, corrosive, flammable |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Equipment | |||
| 12-well porcelain spot plates | HomeScienceTools | CE-SPOTP12 | |
| 96-well microplates | Greiner Bio-One | 650201 | |
| Hot plate | Industrial Equipment and Control Pty Ltd. | CH1920 (Scientrific) | |
| 100 mL glass volumetric flasks | Duran | 24 678 25 54 | |
| Soda lime glass Pasteur pipettes | Marienfeld-Superior | 3233050 | 230 mm length |
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