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Imunologia e Infecção

复制的有序, 非冗余图书馆的铜绿假单胞菌应变 PA14 座子插入突变体

Published: May 04, 2018
doi:
10.3791/57298
, , , , , , ,
1Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center,Massachusetts General Hospital, 2Department of Molecular Biology,Massachusetts General Hospital, 3Department of Genetics,Harvard Medical School, 4Department of Pediatrics,Harvard Medical School

Summary

铜绿假单胞菌感染会导致易受害主机发病率显著。非冗余座子插入突变库的绿脓杆菌菌株 PA14, 指定为 PA14NR 集, 促进分析的基因功能在许多过程中。这里提出了一个协议, 以生成高质量的副本 PA14NR 集突变库。

Abstract

在人类环境中, 铜绿假单胞菌是一种表型、genotypically 多样、适应性强的革兰阴性菌。铜绿假单胞菌能够形成生物膜, 发展耐药性, 产生致病因素, 并在慢性感染过程中迅速发展。因此, 铜绿假单胞菌可以引起急性和慢性, 难以治疗感染, 导致在某些病人的严重发病率。铜绿假单胞菌菌株 PA14 是一个具有保守基因组结构的人的临床隔离, 它感染了各种哺乳动物和 nonvertebrate 宿主, 使 PA14 成为研究这种病原体的一个诱人的菌株。在 2006年, 非冗余座子插入突变体库包含5459变种对应于4596预测 PA14 基因的产生。此后, PA14 图书馆的分布使研究界能够更好地了解个体基因的功能和铜绿假单胞菌的复杂通路。通过复制过程维护库完整性需要正确的处理和精确的技术。为此, 本手稿提出的协议, 详细描述了涉及的步骤, 图书馆复制, 图书馆质量控制和适当储存的个别变种人。

Introduction

铜绿假单胞菌是一种表型和 genotypically 不同和适应性的革兰阴性菌, 存在于土壤、水和大多数人类环境中, 以及皮肤微生物区系。与许多细菌种类相比, 铜绿假单胞菌有一个相对较大的基因组 5.5-7 的 Mbp 与高 G + C 含量 (65-67%)。此外, 它的相当一部分基因参与代谢适应性和管理网络的一部分, 允许极大的灵活性, 以应对环境压力1。铜绿假单胞菌表达了过多的毒力因素, 表现出形成生物膜的倾向, 具有通过多种仲裁传感通路协调反应的能力, 并显示出开发耐药性的显著能力。和公差2,3,4,5,6,7,8。这些属性对治疗由铜绿假单胞菌引起的感染带来了重大挑战。

慢性的铜绿假单胞菌感染可能发生在许多疾病状态。囊性纤维化 (CF), 一种遗传性疾病引起的突变的囊肿纤维化跨膜电导调节器 (CFTR)基因, 导致浓缩, 感染的分泌物在呼吸道, 渐进性支气管扩张, 最终, 死亡从呼吸衰竭9。成年后, CF 的大多数患者慢性感染铜绿假单胞菌, 这在发病率和死亡率与此疾病相关的10中起着关键作用。此外, 严重烧伤损伤的患者11、tracheostomies12、联合替换13或留置导管14有风险的P. 铜绿假单胞菌感染与细菌形成的能力有关生物膜和逃逸宿主炎症响应15。此外, 在通过广谱、连续抗菌治疗选择了多抗生素耐药性或耐受性的人群后, 在无竞争的情况下进行殖民化,12,16,17,18. 更好地了解铜绿假单胞病毒的发病机制将对许多疾病状态产生重大影响。

大量研究了几种铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株, 包括 PAO1、PA103、PA14 和白脓杆菌等, 探讨了铜绿假单胞病毒发病机制的不同特点。应变 PA14 是一种临床隔离, 属于世界上最常见的克隆组之一, 在全球范围内19,20 , 并没有在实验室广泛传代。PA14is 在脊椎动物感染模型中具有剧毒, 具有显著的内毒素特征21, 毛结构22, 致病性群岛23, III. 型分泌系统 (TTSS), 对哺乳动物细胞的细胞毒性24和抗生素耐药性和持久性的配置文件25。此外, PA14 在众多寄主病原体模型系统中也具有剧毒, 包括植物叶片浸润模型26,27,秀丽线虫感染模型28, 29, 昆虫模型30,31, 以及老鼠肺炎模型32,33和皮肤烧伤模型34。

基因组范围内的突变体库是不必要基因中的等基因系突变体的集合, 它构成了一种非常有力的工具, 可以通过基因组尺度分析来了解生物体的生物学。目前, 在铜绿假单胞菌中构建的两个近饱和座子插入突变库可供分发。已为两个库确定了随着转座子的插入位置。这些所谓的非冗余图书馆促进了对细菌株的全基因组研究, 大大减少了筛选 uncharacterized 随机座子突变体所涉及的时间和成本。由华盛顿大学随着转座子实验室策划的 PAO1 座子突变库, 在 PAO1 使用 phoA 的 MPAO1 隔离中构建, 是lacZ/哈,是Manoil/哈35。该图书馆由序列验证的收集9437座子突变体提供广泛的基因组覆盖, 包括两个突变体的大多数基因36。有关铜绿假单胞菌PAO1 座子突变库的信息, 可在 http://www.gs.washington.edu/labs/manoil/libraryindex.htm 的公共、互联网访问的 Manoil 实验室网站上查阅。PA14 应变非冗余座子插入突变库 (PA14NR 集) 构造的应变 PA14 使用随着转座子MAR2xT7 和TnphoA 37 目前由儿科部分发在马萨诸塞州总医院。PA14NR 集包括5800多个变种人的集合, 在非必需基因37中单座子插入。有关 PA14NR 集建设的详细信息, 在公开、互联网访问的网站 http://pa14.mgh.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/pa14/home.cgi？section=NR_LIB 中介绍, 其中还包含各种在线搜索工具, 以便利使用 PA14NR设置。

原始的 PA14NR 集合包括5459个变种人, 从一个综合图书馆选择大约3.4万个随机座子插入突变体, 对应于4596预测 PA14 基因代表77% 的所有预测 PA14 基因37。自从2006年图书馆的建设新变种增加, 目前 PA14NR 集包括超过5800变种人38 , 代表大约 4600 PA14 基因。大多数 PA14 座子突变体都是在野生类型背景37中生成的。有关变种人库的每个成员的详细信息, 包括遗传背景, 可通过搜索联机数据库或下载非冗余库电子表格 (PA14 网站上提供的两种功能) 提供 (http://pa14. mgh 哈佛大学/cgi-bin/pa14/主页. cgi)。大多数变种人是使用 MAR2xT7 (MrT7) 座子创建的, 使用 TnPhoA (phoA) 座子37创建的小集。每个座子有一个抗生素耐药性盒, 它允许突变选择使用庆大霉素 (MrT7) 或卡那霉素 (phoA)。PA14NR 组的突变体存储在六十三96井板中, 包括两个额外的96井控制板, 由野生型 PA14 接种和适合井插在预设模式下组成。与在线搜索工具配对的96井板格式极大地促进了筛选测试的定制开发, 使用户能够轻松地识别与突变体表型相关的基因。在线搜索工具还有助于搜索和选择进一步研究所需的其他相关突变体。

PA14 和 PAO1 座子突变体库是科学界非常重要的全球资源, 它们相互补充, 验证了该病原菌的未知基因和通路的功能。巧合的是, 自从 PAO1 和 PA14 座子突变库的构建以来, 许多铜绿假单胞菌的全基因组 DNA 测序分析表明 PAO1 和 PA14 属于不同的主要 subclades 的铜绿假单胞菌系统系统7,39,40,41。由于临床上的铜绿假单胞菌分离物分布在整个系统发育过程中, PAO1 和 PA14 属于不同的铜绿假单胞子组的事实提高了两个座子变异库的价值, 以便比较研究。

关于细菌突变库的构建和筛选的出版物, 包括铜绿假单胞库35,37,42, 在文献中很容易获得。但是, 根据我们的知识, 没有发布的协议描述用于复制、维护和验证细菌突变库的详细程序和技术。

本出版物中概述的方法描述了一套三协议, 便于使用和维护 PA14NR 集。第一个协议描述了向 PA14NR 集的收件人推荐的库的复制。第二个协议包括用于裸奔、生长和存储使用 PA14NR 集识别的单个突变体的准则。第三个协议描述质量控制技术, 包括 PCR 扩增的片段从座子突变体和后续测序, 以确认变种人的身份。这组协议也可用于复制和维护其他细菌突变库或集合。强烈建议复制细菌突变库或集合, 以保持 “主副本” 的完整性 (收到的原始副本)。复制 PA14NR 集的几个副本用于常规实验室使用, 可以最大限度地减少主拷贝井间踪污染的可能性。

Protocol

注意: 使用标准 BSL-2 安全措施处理铜绿假单胞菌时,是人类的病原体。如果你是一个免疫力低下的个人或有任何的医疗条件, 增加你对细菌感染的易感性, 在使用 P 时应格外小心.铜绿。请咨询您所在机构的生物安全办公室, 并在与 PA14 NR 组或细菌病原体突变库合作之前获得医生的批准。 <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57298/57298fi…

Representative Results

十二 PA14NR 集的新副本是使用协议 I 复制的, 并使用第三号议定书对生成的新副本进行了质量控制评估。 PA14NR 设置突变板连同控制板, 包括野生型 PA14 接种和适合井插在预设模式 (图 4A), 复制后方法在协议 i. 控制板包括在 PA14NR 设置, 以评估可能的井间踪污染时执行板块复制。此外, 控制板可以用来练习复?…

Discussion

P。铜绿假单胞PA14NR 集是科学界的宝贵资源。根据2017年3月数据集从 Clarivate 分析的基本科学指标数据库, Liberati et 等。(2006)37描述了 PA14NR 集的构造, 排名在微生物学刊物的前1% 位。谷歌学者报告了超过 600 Liberati 的引文et 。(2006) 2017年8月原稿。图书馆在阐明铜绿假单胞菌发病机制方面发挥了重要作用。重要的是, PA14NR 集的96井板格式方便了用于研?…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们要感谢 MGH 崔德威尔虚拟图书馆的丽莎 Philpotts 她在数据库搜索中的指导。这项工作得到了囊性纤维化基金会 (YONKER16G0 和 HURLEY16G0) 和 NIH NIAID (BPH 和艾德: R01 A1095338) 的支持。

Materials

Materials for Library Replication
Sterile 96-well Tissue-culture treated, case of 50 Corning Life Sciences 353072 via Fisher Scientific
Sterile 96 Well Clear V-Bottom 2000μL Deep Well Plates, case of 25 Corning Life Sciences 3960 via Fisher Scientific
Nunc OmniTray (rectangular plates), case of 60 Thermo Scientific Rochester 242811 via Fisher Scientific
Rectangular Ice Pan, Midi (4L) Corning Life Sciences 432104 via Fisher Scientific
Secure-Gard Cone Mask, case of 300 Cardinal Health AT7509 via Fisher Scientific
AluminaSeal, pack of 100 Diversified Biotech ALUM-100 via Fisher Scientific
Breathe-Easy membrane, pack of 100 Diversified Biotech BEM-1 via Sigma-Aldrich
Sterile, individually wrapped, 50mL Solution Trough/Reagent Reservoir, case of 100 Sorenson S50100 via Westnet Incorporated
Plate roller VWR 60941-118 via VWR
Cryo Laser Labels – CRYOLAZRTAG 2.64" x 0.277", pack of 16 sheets GA International RCL-11T1-WH via Labtag.com (template for printing also available from Labtag.com)
96-well replicator V & P Scientific, Inc. Custom 407C, 3.18mm pin diameter, 57mm long via V & P Scientific, Inc.
Multitron Pro, 3mm Shaking incubator Infors HT l10003P via Infors HT
Picus 12 Channel 50-1200μL Electronic Pipette Sartorius 735491PR via Sartorius
Filter Tips 50-1200μL, pack of 960 Biohit 14-559-512 via Fisher Scientific; use electronic multichannel-compatible tips
Dry Ice User-specific vendor
Materials for Individual Mutant Storage
Fisherbrand Premium Microcentrifuge Tubes: 1.5mL Fisher Scientific 05-408-130 via Fisher Scientific
Pipettes (P1000, P200, P20, P2) Gilson F167370 via Gilson
Materials for Quality Control PCR
Fisherbrand Premium Microcentrifuge Tubes: 1.5mL Fisher Scientific 05-408-130 via Fisher Scientific
NanoDrop Thermo Scientific ND-2000 via ThermoFisher
PCR Thermocycler
Omnistrips PCR Tubes with domed lids Thermo Scientific AB0404 via Fisher Scientific
ART Barrier low-retention pipette tips (10 uL, 100 uL, 1000 uL) Molecular BioProducts, Inc. Z676543 (10 uL), Z676713 (100 uL), Z676802 (1000 uL) via Sigma-Aldrich
Pipettes (P1000, P200, P20, P2) Gilson F167370 via Gilson
Fisherbrand Premium Microcentrifuge Tubes: 1.5mL Fisher Scientific 05-408-130 via Fisher Scientific
MasterPure DNA Purification Kit Epicentre MCD85201 via Epicentre Technologies Corp
GeneRuler 1 kb Plus DNA Ladder, ready-to-use Thermo Scientific SM1333 via ThermoFisher
RediLoad Loading Buffer Invitrogen 750026 via ThermoFisher
Chemicals
Chemicals for Library and Individual Mutant Storage
Glycerol MB Grade, 1L Sigma Aldrich G5516 via Sigma-Aldrich
LB Broth Per 1L dH2O: 10g tryptone, 5g yeast extract, 5g NaCl, 1ml 1N NaOH (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology.  Wiley, 1994.)
Tryptone Sigma Aldrich T7293 via Sigma-Aldrich
Yeast Extract Sigma Aldrich Y1625 via Sigma-Aldrich
Sodium Chloride Sigma Aldrich S7653 via Sigma-Aldrich
Sodium Hydroxide Sigma Aldrich S8045 via Sigma-Aldrich
LB  agar See preparation above, add 15g Bacto Agar
Bacto Agar Sigma Aldrich A5306 via Sigma-Aldrich
Gentamicin sulfate, 10g BioReagent 1405-41-0 via Sigma-Aldrich
Kanamycin sulfate Gibco 11815024 via ThermoFisher
Ethanol, 190 proof Decon 04-355-221 via Fisher Scientific
Chemicals for Quality Control PCR
Primers User-preferred vendor See primers listed in Table 3
Corning cellgro Molecular Biology Grade Water Corning 46000CV via Fisher Scientific
Taq Polymerase Buffer Invitrogen 10342020 via ThermoFisher
Taq DNA Polymerase, recombinant Invitrogen 10342020 via ThermoFisher
dNTPs Invitrogen 10297018 via ThermoFisher
Agarose Sigma A9539 via Sigma-Aldrich
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

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Pseudomonas AeruginosaPA14NR SetTransposon Mutant LibraryReplicationQuality ControlContamination PreventionSterile TechniquesReplicator Pin SterilizationLB Agar PlatesFreezer Storage
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Drenkard, E., Hibbler, R. M., Gutu, D. A., Eaton, A. D., Silverio, A. L., Ausubel, F. M., Hurley, B. P., Yonker, L. M. Replication of the Ordered, Nonredundant Library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 Transposon Insertion Mutants. J. Vis. Exp. (135), e57298, doi:10.3791/57298 (2018).
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