用实验室尺度模型评价深层包粪排放的恶臭和气体浓度
Summary
制定了一项议定书, 用于测量实验室规模的粪便包中的气体、气味和营养成分, 可用于研究利用深层粪袋改善商业牲畜设施空气质量的方法。
Abstract
为了研究牛单坡设施中深层包层的空气质量和营养成分, 建立了实验室规模的模拟层包模型。该协议已被用来有效地评估许多不同的床上用品材料, 环境变量 (温度, 湿度) 和潜在的缓解措施, 可以改善空气质量的商业深层单坡设施。该模型是动态的, 让研究人员可以很容易地收集许多化学和物理测量的层状包。每周测量, 收集在六至七周的过程中, 可以有足够的时间看到空气质量测量随着时间的推移, 随着层状包装的成熟。从模拟的层状包收集的数据是在以前测量的商业深层单坡设施的浓度范围内。过去的研究表明, 每项治疗的 8-10 实验单位都足以发现模拟的层状包之间的统计差异。这些层状的包很容易维护, 每层包每周需要少于10分钟的人工添加尿液、粪便和寝具。根据收集的测量结果, 使用气体取样系统采集样品需要每层包 20-30 分钟。利用实验室规模的层状包, 研究者可以控制在研究或商业设施中难以或不可能控制的温度、湿度和床上用品来源等变量。虽然不是一个完美的模拟 “真实世界” 的条件, 模拟的层状包作为一个良好的模型, 研究人员用来检查治疗差异的包间。一些实验室规模的研究可以进行, 以消除可能的治疗之前, 尝试在研究或商业规模的设施。
Introduction
在中西部和上大平原, 肉牛禁闭设施是一种受欢迎的住房选择。在这个地区, 禁闭设施比南部平原更常见, 因为该地区每年都会有更多的降水, 从而造成更多的饲养场径流, 必须加以遏制。许多生产者选择为肉牛建造单坡谷仓。生产者选择单一斜坡设施的主要原因是能够安排人工和粪便的去除, 并且比开放地段饲养场1的性能改善。大多数牛生产者 (72.2%) 使用单坡谷仓维持一个层状包为一轮牛或更长的, 使用一个深床上用品管理系统的床上用品和废料1。最常见的床上用品材料是玉米秸秆, 虽然生产者报告使用大豆茬, 小麦秸秆, 玉米棒子, 木屑1。由于区域对玉米秸秆床上用品的需求, 许多生产者对可用于单坡设施的替代床上用品材料感兴趣。除了经济和动物的舒适性, 生产者还质疑床上用品材料将如何影响设施的环境, 包括恶臭气体的产生, 由此产生的肥料/寝具的营养成分, 以及病原体的存在。
很少有研究用于测量家畜住房中不同的床上用品材料所产生的空气质量, 大多数只集中在氨水上。以往对空气质量的评价大多包括在2、3、4、5对每种治疗进行一次或两个实验单位的农场数据收集。实验单位数量有限, 需要多次重复研究, 从而增加了诸如天气条件、动物生产年龄、产期等附加变量, 以及不同生长季节生产的床上用品材料。.
由于没有已知的实验室尺度模型来研究影响到牛肉深层单坡设施的肥料/床上用品混合物的空气质量和营养成分的因素, 研究人员首先试图利用商业牛设施深层系统6,7,8。在18月的6期间, 用静态通量室测量了单坡深层牛设施表面的 NH3浓度。测量了两个谷仓的两支钢笔。切碎玉米秸秆是首选的床上用品材料, 但小麦秸秆和大豆秸秆也用于床上用品在这个项目的短暂时期。床上用品的使用范围从每只动物每天 1.95-3.37 公斤不等, 笔密度从每只动物的 3.22-6.13 米2不等。随后的研究测量了谷仓7的氨和硫化氢排放量, 以及谷仓外的微粒物质浓度8。这些研究是在2年期间使用了四个谷仓地点进行的。农场数据收集面临的挑战是研究对系统缺乏控制。生产者改变牛的饮食, 把动物从钢笔转移到钢笔, 使用不同来源的床上用品, 清洁和重新床笔, 因为他们的生产和劳动力允许, 从而混淆了许多变数。农场的研究还涉及旅行费用和大量的实验性治疗 (如床上用品材料)。该项目的目的是建立一个实验室规模模型, 可用于研究影响到牛深层单坡设施的空气质量和营养管理的因素。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
经常增加尿和粪便对层状的包是一个关键步骤。我们试验了一次添加尿和粪便, 只是每周一次, 但发现, 该层包开发了一个地壳, 其中捕获的气体包内, 并没有代表的商业设施。在研究开始时使用新鲜粪便可确保所用的层状包接种在牛设施中发现的常见细菌种群。当添加尿液时, 要记住调整 ph 值到生理 ph 值, 然后再添加到层状包中也是很重要的。有一次, 出现了一个错误, 并将低 pH 值的尿液添加到层?…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
作者希望承认艾伦-克鲁格, 托德博蔓, 香农 Ostdiek, 伊莱恩浆果, 和 Ferouz Ayadi 谁协助数据收集使用模拟层包。撰文人还认识到泰咪-Brandl 和戴尔 Janssen 协助维持环境分庭的情况。
Materials
| 10 gallon plastic cylinder containers | Rubbermaid | Model 2610 | Other similar-sized plastic containers are suitable |
| Mass balance | Any | Capable of measuring 0.1 gram | |
| Electric drill with 1 cm bit | Any | ||
| Methane analyzer | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Model 55i Methane/Non-methane Analyzer | |
| Hydrogen sulfide analyzer | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Model 450i | |
| Ammonia analyzer | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Model 17i | |
| Carbon dioxide analyzer | California Analytical | Model 1412 | |
| Nitrous oxide analyzer | California Analytical | Model 1412 | |
| Programmable Logic Relay | TECO | Model SG2-020VR-D | |
| Stainless steel flux chambers | Any | Constructed using the parts list and directions cited at Woodbury et al., 2006 | |
| Rubber skits | Any | Constructed from flexible rubber material. Cut into squares (61 cm x 61 cm) with 22.9 cm diameter hole in center. | |
| pH meter | Spectrum Technologies | IQ150 | |
| thermometer | Spectrum Technologies | IQ150 | |
| Ruler or tape measure | Any | Capable of measuring in cm | |
| Sorbent tubes | Markes International | Tenax TA | |
| Pocket pumps | SKC Inc. | Series 210 | |
| Inert sampling line | Teflon | 0.64 cm diameter | |
| Pump | Thomas | 107 series | Used to flush air through sample lines |
Referências
- Doran, B., Euken, R., Spiehs, M. Hoops and mono-slopes: What we have learned about management and performance. Feedlot Forum 2010. , 8-16 (2010).
- Andersson, M. Performance of bedding materials in affecting ammonia emissions from pig manure. J. Agric. Engng. Res. 65, 213-222 (1996).
- Jeppsson, K. H. Volatilization of ammonia in deep-litter systems with different bedding materials for young cattle. J. Agric. Engng. Res. 73, 49-57 (1999).
- Powell, J. M., Misselbrook, T. H., Casler, M. D. Season and bedding impacts on ammonia emissions from tie-stall dairy barns. J. Environ. Qual. 37, 7-15 (2008).
- Gilhespy, S. L., Webb, J., Chadwick, D. R., Misselbrook, T. H., Kay, R., Camp, V., Retter, A. L., Bason, A. Will additional straw bedding in buildings housing cattle and pigs reduce ammonia emissions. Biosystems Engng. , 180-189 (2009).
- Spiehs, M. J., Woodbury, B. L., Doran, B. E., Eigenberg, R. A., Kohl, K. D., Varel, V. H., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. Environmental conditions in beef deep-bedded mono-slope facilities: A descriptive study. Trans ASABE. 54, 663-673 (2011).
- Cortus, E. L., Spiehs, M. J., Doran, B. E., Al Mamun, M. R. H., Ayadi, F. Y., Cortus, S. D., Kohl, K. D., Pohl, S., Stowell, R., Nicolai, R. . Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentration and emission patterns for mono-slope beef cattle facilities in the Northern Great Plains. , (2014).
- Spiehs, M. J., Cortus, E. L., Holt, G. A., Kohl, K. D., Doran, B. E., Ayadi, F. Y., Cortus, S. D., Al Mamun, M. R., Pohl, S., Nicolai, R., Stowell, R., Parker, D. Particulate matter concentration for mono-slope beef cattle facilities in the Northern Great Plains. Trans. ASABE. 57, 1831-1837 (2014).
- Ayadi, F. Y., Cortus, E. L., Spiehs, M. J., Miller, D. N., Djira, G. D. Ammonia and greenhouse gas concentrations at surfaces of simulated beef cattle bedded manure packs. Trans. ASABE. 58, 783-795 (2015).
- Ayadi, F. Y., Spiehs, M. J., Cortus, E. L., Miller, D. N., Djira, G. D. Physical, chemical, and biological properties of simulated beef cattle bedded manure packs. Trans. ASABE. 58, 797-811 (2015).
- Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. Effect of bedding materials on concentration of odorous compounds and Escherichia coli in beef cattle bedded manure packs. J. Environ. Qual. 42, 65-75 (2013).
- Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Jaderborg, J. P., Diconstanzo, A., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 1. Effect on ammonia, total reduced sulfide, and greenhouse gas concentrations. J. Environ. Qual. 43, 1187-1194 (2014).
- Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Jaderborg, J. P., Diconstanzo, A. Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 2. Effect on odorous volatile organic compounds, odor activity value, Escherichia coli, and nutrient concentration. J. Environ. Qual. 43, 1195-1206 (2014).
- Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. Ammonia, total reduced sulfides, and greenhouse gases of pine chip and corn stover bedding packs. J. Environ. Qual. 45, 630-637 (2016).
- Spiehs, M. J., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E., Parker, D. B., Brown-Brandl, T. M. Odorous volatile organic compounds, Escherichia coli, and nutrient concentrations when kiln-dried pine chips and corn stover bedding are used in beef bedded manure packs. J. Environ. Qual. 46, 722-732 (2017).
- Herbert, S., Hashemi, M., Chickering-Sears, C., Weis, S. . Bedding options for livestock and equine. , (2008).
- Effects of bedding on pig performance. Iowa State Research Farm Progress Reports Available from: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/farms_reports/134/ (2012)
- Brown-Brandl, T. M., Nienaber, J. A., Eigenberg, R. A. Temperature and humidity control in indirect calorimeter chambers. Trans. ASABE. 54, 685-692 (2011).
- Abney, C. S., Vasconcelos, J. T., McMeniman, J. P., Keyser, S. A., Wilson, K. R., Vogel, G. J., Galyean, M. L. Effects of ractophamine hydrochlodride on performance, rate and variation in feed intake, and acid-base balance in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 85, 3090-3098 (2007).
- Miller, D. N., Woodbury, B. L. A solid-phase microextraction chamber method for analysis of manure volatiles. J. Environ. Qual. 35, 2383-2394 (2006).
- Woodbury, B. L., Miller, D. N., Eigenberg, R. A., Nienaber, J. A. An inexpensive laboratory and field chamber for manure volatile gas flux analysis. Trans. ASABE. 49, 767-772 (2006).
- Koziel, J. A., Spinhirne, J. P., Lloyd, J. D., Parker, D. B., Wright, D. W., Kuhrt, F. W. Evaluation of sample recovery of malodorous livestock gases from air sampling bags, solid-phase microextraction fibers, Tenax TA sorbent tubes, and sampling canisters. J. Air Waste Manag. Assn. 55, 1147-1157 (2005).
- Parker, D. B., Gilley, J., Woodbury, B., Kim, K., Galvin, G., Bartelt-Hunt, S. L., Li, X., Snow, D. D. Odorous VOC emission following land application of swine manure slurry. Atmos. Environ. 66, 91-100 (2013).
- Parker, D. B., Koziel, J. A., Cai, L., Jacobson, L. D., Akdeniz, N. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: Part 6. Odor activity value. Trans. ASABE. 55, 2357-2368 (2012).
- Watson, M., Wolf, A., Wolf, N., Peters, J. Total nitrogen. Recommended methods of manure analysis. , 18-24 (2003).
- Wolf, A., Watson, M., Wolf, N., Peters, J. Digestion and dissolution methods for P, K, Ca, Mg, and trace elements. Recommended methods of manure analysis. , 30-38 (2003).
- Euken, R. A survey of manure characteristics from bedded confinement buildings for feedlot beef productions: Progress report. Animal Industry Report. , (2009).
- Li, L., Li, Q. -. F., Wang, K., Bogan, B. W., Ni, J. -. Q., Cortus, E. L., Heber, A. J. The National Air Emission Monitoring Study’s southeast layer site: Part I. Site characteristics and monitoring methodology. Trans. ASABE. 56, 1157-1171 (2013).
