Summary

研究人体姿势控制的实验方法

Published: September 11, 2019
doi:

Summary

本文提出了研究人类姿势控制的实验/分析框架。该协议提供了执行站立实验、测量身体运动学和动力学信号以及分析结果的分步程序,以深入了解人类姿势控制背后的机制。

Abstract

神经和肌肉骨骼系统的许多成分协同作用,以实现稳定、直立的人体姿势。需要进行对照实验,并辅之以适当的数学方法,以了解人类姿势控制中涉及的不同子系统的作用。本文介绍了一种用于进行扰动站立实验、获取实验数据以及进行后续数学分析的协议,目的是了解肌肉骨骼系统和中央控制在人体中的作用。直立姿势。这些方法所产生的结果很重要,因为它们提供了对健康平衡控制的洞察,为了解患者和老年人平衡受损病因奠定了基础,并有助于设计改善的干预措施姿势控制和稳定性。这些方法可用于研究躯体感觉系统的作用、踝关节的内在刚度和视觉系统在姿势控制中的作用,也可以扩展研究前庭系统的作用。这些方法将用于脚踝策略,其中身体主要移动的脚踝关节,被认为是单链倒摆。

Introduction

人类姿势控制是通过中枢神经系统和肌肉骨骼系统之间的复杂相互作用实现的。人体在站立中本质上是不稳定的,受各种内部(如呼吸、心跳)和外部(如重力)扰动的影响。稳定性由具有中央、反射和内在组件的分布式控制器实现(图1)。

姿势控制由:由中枢神经系统(CNS)和脊髓介导的主动控制器,改变肌肉激活;和一个内在刚度控制器,抵抗关节运动,肌肉激活没有变化 (图1)。中央控制器使用感觉信息来生成降序命令,产生矫正肌肉力量以稳定身体。感官信息由视觉、前庭和躯体感觉系统转换。具体来说,躯体感觉系统生成有关支撑面和关节角度的信息;愿景提供有关环境的信息;和前庭系统生成有关头部角速度、线性加速度和与重力方向有关的信息。中央闭环控制器运行时间长,可能会破坏稳定2。主动控制器的第二个元素是反射刚度,它产生短延迟的肌肉活动,并产生抵抗关节运动的扭矩。

活动控制器的两个组件都有延迟;因此,关节内在刚度,不延迟地作用,在姿势控制3中起着重要的作用。内在刚度是由收缩肌肉的被动粘弹性特性、软组织和四肢的惯性特性产生的,这些特性可立即产生电阻扭矩,以响应任何关节运动4。关节刚度(内在和反射刚度)在姿势控制中的作用并不清晰,因为它随着手术条件的变化而变化,由肌肉活化4、5、6关节位置定义4,7,8,两者随身体摇摆而变化,与站立本身有内在影响。

确定中央控制器的作用和关节刚度在姿势控制中很重要,因为它为:诊断平衡损伤的病因提供了基础;为患者设计有针对性的干预措施;评估跌倒风险;制定老年人防堕落战略;和辅助设备的设计,如矫形器和假肢。然而,这是困难的,因为不同的子系统一起作用,只能测量整体产生的身体运动学,关节扭矩和肌肉肌电图。

因此,开发使用可测量的姿势变量来评估每个子系统的贡献的实验和分析方法至关重要。一个技术难题是,姿势变量的测量是在闭环中完成的。因此,输入和输出(因果)是相互关联的。因此,有必要:a) 应用外部扰动(作为输入)来唤起反应中姿势反应(作为输出),b) 使用专门的数学方法来识别系统模型并解开因果9。

本文的重点是使用脚踝策略时,即当运动主要发生在脚踝关节时,姿势控制。在这种情况下,上半身和下肢一起移动,因此,身体可以建模为单链倒置钟摆在下垂平面10。当支撑面牢固且扰动小1,11时,使用脚踝策略。

我们的实验室12开发了一种能够应用适当的机械(自体)和视觉感官扰动并记录身体运动学、动力学和肌肉活动的站立装置。该装置提供所需的实验环境,通过使用视觉或/和躯体感官刺激生成姿势反应,研究脚踝刚度、中央控制机制及其相互作用的作用。也可以扩展设备来研究前庭系统的作用,将直接电刺激应用于乳腺过程,从而产生头部速度的感觉,并唤起姿势反应12,13.

其他人也开发了类似的设备来研究人类姿势控制,其中线性压电执行器11,旋转电机14,15,和线性电机16,17,18用于在站立时对脚踝施加机械扰动。更复杂的设备也已经开发,以研究多段姿势控制,有可能同时对脚踝和髋关节应用多个扰动19,20。

站立式仪器

两个伺服控制电动液压旋转执行器移动两个踏板,以应用脚踝位置的控制扰动。执行器可以产生姿势控制所需的大扭矩(>500 Nm);这在诸如前倾等情况下尤其重要,因为身体的质量中心离脚踝旋转轴很远(前部),导致姿势控制的脚踝扭矩值较大。

每个旋转执行器由一个单独的比例伺服阀控制,使用踏板位置反馈,由执行器轴上的高性能电位计(材料表)测量。该控制器使用基于 MATLAB 的 xPC 实时数字信号处理系统实现。执行器/伺服阀的带宽一起超过40赫兹,远远大于整体姿势控制系统的带宽,脚踝关节刚度,以及中央控制器21。

虚拟现实设备与环境

虚拟现实 (VR) 耳机 (材料表) 用于干扰视觉.耳机包含一个 LCD 屏幕(双 AMOLED 3.6′ 屏幕,每只眼睛的分辨率为 1080 x 1200 像素),为用户提供发送到设备的媒体的立体视图,提供三维深度感知。刷新率是90赫兹,足以为用户提供坚实的虚拟感22。屏幕的视场为 110°,足以产生类似于真实情况的视觉扰动。

耳机跟踪用户头部的旋转,并相应地更改虚拟视图,以便用户完全沉浸在虚拟环境中;因此,它可以提供正常的视觉反馈;并且,它还可以通过旋转视场在下视平面上来干扰视觉。

动力学测量

垂直反应力由四个称重传感器测量,夹在脚底下的两块板之间(材料表)。脚踝扭矩由扭矩传感器直接测量,容量为565Nm,扭转刚度为104 kNm/rad;它也可以间接测量从垂直力转导的称重传感器,使用其距离到脚踝轴的旋转23,假设水平力施加到脚站立是小2,24。压力中心(COP)在下垂平面上测量,方法是将脚踝扭矩除以总垂直力,由称重传感器23测量。

运动学测量

脚角与踏板角度相同,因为使用脚踝策略时,主体的脚随踏板移动。相对于垂直的刀柄角度是间接地从刀柄的线性位移获得,由分辨率为50 μm和带宽为750 Hz25的激光测距仪(材料表)测量。脚踝角是脚角和刀柄角度的总和。相对于垂直体的角度是间接从左右后部上部脊柱 (PSIS) 之间的中点线性位移获得的,使用激光测距仪(材料表)测量,分辨率为100 μm 和带宽 750 Hz23.头部位置和旋转由 VR 系统基站根据 VR 环境的全球坐标系进行测量,该基站以每秒 60 个脉冲发出定时红外 (IR) 脉冲,由带子毫米的耳机红外传感器拾取精度。

数据采集

所有信号均采用角频为 486.3 的抗锯齿滤波器进行滤波,然后在 1000 Hz 下采样,具有高性能 24 位/8 通道、同步采样动态信号采集卡(材料表),具有动态范围为 20 V。

安全机制

在常设仪器中已加入六个安全机制,以防止对受试者造成伤害;踏板是分开控制的,从不相互干扰。(1) 执行器轴有一个凸轮,该凸轮可机械地激活一个阀,当轴旋转超过其水平位置 ±20°时,该阀可断开液压。(2) 两个可调节的机械停止限制执行器的运动范围;这些被设置为每个受试者在每个实验前的运动范围。(3) 受试者和实验者都按住一个紧急按钮;按下按钮可断开执行器的液压动力,使其松动,因此可以手动移动。(4) 位于主体两侧的扶手可在不稳定时提供支持。(5)受试者佩戴全身安全带(材料表),附在天花板上的刚性横杆上,以防跌倒。线束松弛,不会干扰正常站立,除非主体变得不稳定,其中线束可防止主体掉落。在坠落的情况下,被主体使用紧急按钮或实验者手动停止踏板移动。(6) 伺服阀在电源中断时,使用故障安全机制停止执行器的旋转。

Protocol

所有实验方法均已获得麦吉尔大学研究伦理委员会的批准,受试者在参与前签署知情同意书。 1. 实验 注:每个实验都涉及以下步骤。 预测试 准备要执行的所有试验的明确大纲,并制定数据收集清单。 向受试者提供同意书,提供所有必要的信息,要求他们彻底阅读,回答任何问题,然后让他们在表格上签名。 记录受试者的?…

Representative Results

伪随机三元序列 (PRTS) 和 TrapZ 信号 图 2A显示了通过集成伪随机速度配置文件生成的 PRTS 信号。对于每个采样时间,信号速度可能等于零,或获取预定义的正值或负值。通过<img alt="Equation 77…

Discussion

有几个步骤是执行这些实验研究人类姿势控制的关键。这些步骤与信号的正确测量相关,包括:1) 旋转齿形轴与踏板轴的正确对齐,以便正确测量脚踝扭矩。2) 正确设置测距仪,确保它们在其范围内工作,且在实验期间不会饱和。3) 测量EMG具有良好的质量和最小的相声。4) 应用适当的扰动,引起足够的反应,但不中断正常的姿势控制。5) 根据预期分析选择适当的试验长度,同时避免身体换…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

本文由卡塔尔国家研究#6-463-2-189的NPRP赠款和加拿大卫生研究院的MOP赠款#81280。

Materials

5K potentiometer Maurey 112P19502 Measures actuator shaft angle
8 channel Bagnoli surface EMG amplifiers and electrodes Delsys Measures the EMG of ankle muscles
AlienWare Laptop Dell Inc. P69F001-Rev. A02 VR-ready PC laptop
Data acquisition card National instruments 4472 Samples the analogue signals from the sensors
Directional valve REXROTH 4WMR10C3X Bypasses the flow if the angle of actuator shaft goes beyond ±20°
Full body harness Jelco 740 Protect the subjects from falling
Laser range finder Micro-epsilon 1302-100 1507307 Measures shank linear displacement
Laser range finder Micro-epsilon 1302-200 1509074 Measures body linear displacement
Load cell Omega LC302-100 Measures vertical reaction forces
Proportional servo-valve MOOG D681-4718 Controls the hydraulic flow to the rotary actuators
Rotary actuator Rotac 26R21VDEISFTFLGMTG Applies mechanical perturbations
Torque transducer Lebow 2110-5k Measures ankle torque
Virtual Environment Motion Trackers HTC inc. 1551984681 Tracks the head motion
Virtual Reality Headset HTC inc. 1551984681 Provides visual perturbations

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Amiri, P., Mohebbi, A., Kearney, R. Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control. J. Vis. Exp. (151), e60078, doi:10.3791/60078 (2019).

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