从水样和组织中提取硅藻DNA
1Hainan Province Tropical Forensic Engineering Research Center, Department of Forensic Medicine,Hainan Medical University, Hainan Provincial Academician Workstation (tropical forensic medicine), 2Hainan Vocational College of Political Science and Law, 3Department of Forensic Medicine,Hebei Medical University
Summary
本文介绍了使用改良的通用 DNA 提取试剂盒提取硅藻 DNA 的方案。
Abstract
硅藻测试是法医实践中确定尸体是否溺水、推断溺水地点的重要辅助手段。硅藻试验也是环境和浮游生物领域的重要研究内容。以硅藻DNA为主要研究对象的硅藻分子生物学检测技术是一种新的硅藻检测方法。硅藻DNA提取是硅藻分子检测的基础。目前，常用用于硅藻DNA提取的试剂盒价格昂贵，增加了开展相关研究的成本。本实验室对通用全血基因组DNA快速提取试剂盒进行了改进，获得了满意的硅藻DNA提取效果，从而为相关研究提供了一种经济实惠的基于玻璃珠的DNA提取解决方案。使用该方案提取的硅藻DNA可以满足许多下游应用，例如PCR和测序。
Introduction
在法医实践中，确定尸体是在水中溺水还是死后被扔进水里，对于案件的妥善解决至关重要1.这也是法医学实践中亟待解决的难题之一2.硅藻在自然环境中（尤其是在水中）含量丰富3,4。在溺水过程中，由于缺氧和应激反应，患者会出现剧烈的呼吸运动，吸入大量的溺水液。因此，水中的硅藻随溺水液进入肺部，一些硅藻可以通过肺泡-毛细血管屏障进入血液循环，并随着血流扩散到内脏器官5,6。在肺、肝和骨髓等内部组织和器官中检测到硅藻是死前溺水的有力证据 7,8。目前，法医硅藻测试主要基于形态学测试方法。在对组织进行一系列预消化后，在显微镜下对未消化的硅藻进行形态定性和定量估计。在此期间，需要使用危险且对环境不友好的试剂，例如硝酸。这个过程非常耗时，需要研究人员具有扎实的分类学专业知识和丰富的经验。这些都给法医人员带来了一定的挑战9.硅藻DNA检测技术是近年来发展起来的一种用于硅藻检测的新技术10,11,12。该技术通过分析硅藻的特定DNA序列组成来实现硅藻的物种鉴定13,14。PCR技术和测序技术是常用的技术方法，但它们的基础是从硅藻中成功提取DNA。然而，硅藻具有不同于其他生物的特殊结构，使其DNA提取技术也不同。
硅藻的细胞壁具有高度的硅化程度，其主要成分是二氧化硅15,16,17。硅质细胞壁非常坚硬，在提取DNA之前必须将其破坏。普通的DNA提取试剂盒通常难以直接用于硅藻DNA的提取，因为它们不能破坏硅藻的硅质外壳18。因此，破坏硅藻的硅质外壳是提取硅藻DNA需要解决的关键技术问题之一。
同时，由于法医研究样本中所含的硅藻数量，无论是水样还是溺水尸体的器官和组织，往往都是有限的，因此有必要富集硅藻。富集的本质是物质的分离。在尝试将硅藻聚集在一起时，尽量减少其他材料成分（干扰成分）的含量。在法医工作中，实验室经常使用离心或膜过滤富集方法来分离硅藻细胞19。然而，由于真空泵设备应用不广，膜富集法在普通的初级法医实验室中并不常用。因此，离心法仍然是法医实验室20中常用的硅藻富集法。
从硅藻中提取DNA目前主要用于法医实践，其应用存在很大的局限性。目前，市场上用于法医学的硅藻DNA提取试剂盒很少，而且价格普遍昂贵21。本文提供了一种改进的硅藻DNA提取方法，使硅藻DNA提取变得简单、方便且具有成本效益。这增加了后续硅藻分子生物学检测的应用，可以通过硅藻检测更好地解决法医溺水相关问题。该方法通过添加玻璃珠并设置适当的涡旋时间来破坏硅藻的硅质细胞壁。通过这种方式，蛋白酶 K 和结合溶液迅速裂解细胞并使细胞中的各种酶失活。基因组DNA在吸附柱的基质膜中被吸收，最后被洗脱缓冲液洗脱。这种改进的全血基因提取试剂盒提高了血液试剂盒在法医检验材料中的硅藻DNA提取效果，降低了法医实践中硅藻DNA提取的成本，可以更好地应用于基层法医研究。
Protocol
该研究已获得海南医科大学伦理委员会的批准。本研究中使用的组织样本不被视为涉及人类受试者的研究。这些标本是出于法医病理诊断的目的而获得的，其余的用于本实验中硅藻DNA的提取。研究人员无法轻易识别个人以获得相关利益相关者的知情同意。 注：为保证本实验中报告的研究方法的普遍适用性，本实验基本遵循所用试剂盒的操作说明，仅修改了部分步骤。本实验?…
Representative Results
由于目前使用的DNA提取方法提取的DNA溶液中含有来自样品中不同来源的所有DNA成分，因此通过该协议获得的DNA也不例外。因此，DNA溶液不仅仅是硅藻基因组DNA的溶液。通过查阅文献22,23,24选择可特异性扩增硅藻18S rDNA片段的引物。采用NCBI-Blast Primer对引物进行验证，结果表明，18S rDNA的正向引物D512和反向引物D978是藻类特异性引?…
Discussion
硅藻细胞受到坚硬的硅质细胞壁17的保护，必须破坏这种结构才能提取硅藻DNA。普通试剂盒不易破坏硅藻的硅质外壳;因此很难成功提取硅藻DNA21。我们的实验室改进了最常用的血液DNA提取试剂盒，在硅藻提取过程中添加了不同直径和不同质量比的玻璃珠。同时进行涡旋振荡，可充分打破硅藻壳，提高硅藻DNA提取效果。如上一份报告21所示，玻璃…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项工作得到了国家自然科学基金（82060341,81560304）和海南省院士创新平台科研项目（YSPTZX202134）的支持。
Materials
| Binding Buffer | BioTeke | B010006022 | rapidly lysing cells |
| ChemoHS qPCR Mix | Monad | 00007547-120506 | qPCR Mix |
| D2000 DNA ladder | Real-Times(Beijing) Biotechnology | RTM415 | Measure the position of electrophoretic bands |
| D512 | Taihe Biotechnology | TW21109196 | forword primer |
| D978 | Taihe Biotechnology | TW21109197 | reverse primer |
| Elution buffer | BioTeke | B010006022 | A low-salt elution buffer washes off the DNA |
| Glass bead | Yingxu Chemical Machinery(Shanghai) | 70181000 | Special glass beads for dispersing and grinding |
| Import adsorption column | BioTeke | B2008006022 | Adsorption column with silica matrix membrane |
| Inhibitor Removal Buffer | BioTeke | B010006022 | Removal of Inhibitors in DNA Extraction |
| Isopropanol | BioTeke | B010006022 | Precipitate or isolate DNA |
| MIX-30S Mini Mixer | Miulab | MUC881206 | oscillatory action |
| Proteinase K | BioTeke | B010006022 | Inactivation of intracellular nucleases and other proteins |
| Rotor-Gene Q 5plex HRM | Qiagen | R1116175 | real-time fluorescence quantification PCR |
| Speed Micro-Centrifuge | Scilogex | 9013001121 | centrifuge |
| Tanon 3500R Gel Imager | Tanon | 16T5553R-455 | gel imaging |
| Taq Mix Pro | Monad | 00007808-140534 | PCR Mix |
| Thermo Cycler | Zhuhai Hema | VRB020A | ordinary PCR |
| Wash Buffer | BioTeke | B010006022 | Remove impurities such as cell metabolites |
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Citar este artigo
Zhou, Y., Wang, B., Cai, J., Xu, Y., Qin, X., Ha, S., Cong, B., Chen, J., Deng, J. Extraction of Diatom DNA from Water Samples and Tissues. J. Vis. Exp. (201), e65792, doi:10.3791/65792 (2023).