Characterizing Multidrug Efflux Systems in Acinetobacter baumannii Using an Efflux-Deficient Bacterial Strain and a Single-Copy Gene Expression System

Summary

We describe a facile procedure for the single-copy chromosomal complementation of an efflux pump gene using a mini-Tn7-based expression system into an engineered efflux-deficient strain of Acinetobacter baumannii. This precise genetic tool allows for controlled gene expression, which is key for the characterization of efflux pumps in multidrug resistant pathogens.

Abstract

Acinetobacter baumannii is recognized as a challenging Gram-negative pathogen due to its widespread resistance to antibiotics. It is crucial to comprehend the mechanisms behind this resistance to design new and effective therapeutic options. Unfortunately, our ability to investigate these mechanisms in A. baumannii is hindered by the paucity of suitable genetic manipulation tools. Here, we describe methods for utilizing a chromosomal mini-Tn7-based system to achieve single-copy gene expression in an A. baumannii strain that lacks functional RND-type efflux mechanisms. Single-copy insertion and inducible efflux pump expression are quite advantageous, as the presence of RND efflux operons on high-copy number plasmids is often poorly tolerated by bacterial cells. Moreover, incorporating recombinant mini-Tn7 expression vectors into the chromosome of a surrogate A. baumannii host with increased efflux sensitivity helps circumvent interference from other efflux pumps. This system is valuable not only for investigating uncharacterized bacterial efflux pumps but also for assessing the effectiveness of potential inhibitors targeting these pumps.

Introduction

Acinetobacter baumannii is a World Health Organization top priority pathogen due to its encompassing resistance to all classes of antibiotics¹. It is an opportunistic pathogen mostly affecting hospitalized, injured, or immunocompromised people. A. baumannii largely evades antibiotics via efflux pumps, the most relevant being the Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) family of exporters². Understanding how these efflux pumps work mechanistically will allow one to develop targeted therapeutic options.

One common way that cellular processes can be specifically distinguished is through genetic manipulation. However, the tools available for A. baumannii genetic studies are limited, and to further confound experimental design, clinical isolates often are resistant to the antibiotics routinely used for selection in genetic manipulations³. A second hurdle encountered when studying efflux pumps specifically is that they are strictly regulated-often by unknown factors-making it difficult to accurately isolate and attribute function to a single pump⁴. Seeing this need to expand the research toolbox, we developed a mini-Tn7-based, single-copy-insertion, inducible expression system that incorporates a Flp recombinase target (FRT) cassette, which allows for the removal of the selection marker^5,6,7 (Figure 1). First created for Pseudomonas^8,9,10, this elegant cloning and expression system was used to generate single-copy efflux pump complements into an RND efflux pump-deficient strain of A. baumannii (ATCC 17978::ΔadeIJK,ΔadeFGH,ΔadeAB: hereafter referred to as A. baumannii AB258) that we generated¹¹. Being able to study one efflux pump at a time and not overwhelm the bacterial cells with high-copy expression (as generally seen with plasmid-based expression systems), one can better learn about the critical, physiological aspects of each efflux pump with minimal interference and reduced complications.

This article describes how to use the mini-Tn7 system to complement a deleted gene of interest, RND efflux pump adeIJK, into the chromosome of A. baumannii AB258 through a series of uncomplicated steps performed over the course of 9 days⁷. The first set of steps re-introduces the deleted efflux pump genes cloned into the mini-Tn7-based insertion plasmid (Figure 2A) at the single attTn7 insertion site downstream of the well-conserved glmS gene (Figure 3A). This process is facilitated by a non-replicative helper plasmid (Figure 2B) that encodes for the transposase genes needed for Tn7-driven insertion. The second set of steps uses an excision plasmid (Figure 2C) for Flp recombinase-mediated removal of the gentamicin gene flanked by FRT sites (Figure 3B) to create an unmarked strain. Though this system is used to elucidate the essential roles and possible inhibitors of RND efflux pumps with respect to antibiotic resistance, it can be used to investigate any gene of interest.

Protocol

1. Experimental preparation Purify the plasmid pUC18T-mini-Tn7T-LAC-Gm9 (insertion plasmid, Figure 2A) with the gene of interest. NOTE: Here, the gene of interest is adeIJK. The final plasmid concentration should be ≥100 ng/µL. Purify the helper plasmid (pTNS2)9 and the excision plasmid (pFLP2ab)6 (Figure 2B…

Representative Results

The chromosomal insertion procedure takes only 2 h total across 3 days to see a result-colonies growing on a selective agar plate (Figure 1A-C). The expected number of colonies on the transformation plate is strain dependent: one may see 20-30 or even hundreds of colonies as insertion of Tn7 at attTn7 sites is specific and efficient9. Patching transformation plate colonies onto selective media (Figure 4A<…

Discussion

Even though this procedure for the chromosomal insertion of an inducible single-copy gene expression system in A. baumannii is technically straightforward and not labor-intensive, there are a few important steps that need to be emphasized. First, preparation of the competent cells needs to be done on ice as much as possible as the cells become fragile during the replacement of the media with ice-cold water. Ideally, the centrifugation steps are performed at 4 °C, but centrifugation at room temperature is ac…

Materials

0.2 mL PCR tube	VWR	20170-012	For colony boil preparations and PCR reactions
1.5 mL microfuge tubes	Sarstedt	72-690-301	General use
13-mL culture tubes, Pyrex	Fisher	14-957K	Liquid culture vessels
6x DNA loading buffer	Froggabio	LD010	Agarose gel electrophoresis sample loading dye
Acetic acid, glacial	Fisher	351271-212	Agarose gel running buffer component
Agar	Bioshop	AGR003	Solid growth media
Agarose	BioBasic	D0012	Electrophoretic separation of PCR reaction products; used at a concentration of 0.8–2%
Agarose gel electrophoresis unit	Fisher	29-237-54	Agarose gel electrophoresis; separation of PCR reaction products
Carbenicillin	Fisher	50841231	Selective media
Culture tube closures	Fisher	13-684-138	Stainless steel closure for 13-mL culture tubes
Deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) set	Biobasic	DD0058	PCR reaction component; supplied as 100 mM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP; mixed and diluted for 10 mM each dNTP
Dry bath/block heater	Fisher	88860023	Isotemp digital dry bath for boil preparations
Electroporation cuvettes	VWR	89047-208	2 mm electroporation cuvettes with round cap
Electroporator	Cole Parmer	940000009	110 VAC, 60 Hz electroporator
Ethidium bromide	Fisher	BP102-1	Visualization of PCR reaction products and DNA marker in agarose gel
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)	VWR	CA-EM4050	Agarose gel running buffer component
Gentamicin	Biobasic	GB0217	For the preparation of selective media
Glycerol	Fisher	G33	Preparation of bacterial stocks for long-term storage in an ultra-low freezer
Incubator (shaking)	New Brunswick Scientific	M1352-0000	Excella E24 Incubator Shaker for liquid culture growth
Incubator (static)	Fisher	11-690-550D	Isotemp Incubator Oven Model 550D for solid (LB agar) culture growth
Inoculation loop	Sarstedt	86.1562.050	Streaking colonies onto agar plates
Inoculation spreader	Sarstedt	86.1569.005	Spreading of culture onto agar plates
Lysogeny broth (LB) broth, Lennox	Fisher	BP1427	Liquid growth media (20 g/L: 5 g/L sodium chloride, 10 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L yeast extract)
Microfuge	Fisher	75002431	Sorvall Legend Micro 17 for centrifugation of samples
Mini-centrifuge	Fisher	S67601B	Centrifugation of 0.2 mL PCR tubes
Petri dishes	SPL Life Sciences	10090	For solid growth media (agar plates): 90 x 15 mm
Pipettes	Mandel	Various	Gilson single channel pipettes (P10, P20, P200, P1000)
Power supply	Biorad	1645050	PowerPac Basic power supply for electrophoresis
Primers	IDT	NA	PCR reaction component; specific to gene of interest; prepared at 100 μM as directed on the product specification sheet
Sucrose	BioBasic	SB0498	For the preparation of counterselective media for removal of the pFLP2ab plasmid from transformed A. baumannii
Taq DNA polymerase	FroggaBio	T-500	PCR reaction component; polymerase supplied with a 10x buffer
Thermal cycler	Biorad	1861096	Model T100 for PCR
Toothpicks	Fisher	S24559	For patching colonies onto agar plates
Trizma base	Sigma	T1503	Agarose gel running buffer component
Ultrapure water	Millipore Sigma	ZLXLSD51040	MilliQ water purification system: ultra pure water for media and solution preparation, and cell washing
Wide range DNA marker	Biobasic	M103R-2	Size determination of PCR products on an agarose gel
Wooden inoculating sticks	Fisher	29-801-02	Inoculating cultures with colonies from agar plates