All human sample collection protocols were approved by the Joint-Faculty Research Ethics Board at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
1. Microfluidic Device Fabrication (Figure 1A)
2. Microfluidic Cell Migration Assay Preparation
3. All-on-chip Chemotaxis Assay Operation
4. Cell Migration Data Analysis (Figure 1C)
Neutrophils are negatively selected from a drop of whole blood directly in the microfluidic device. The purity of the isolated neutrophils was verified by on-chip Giemsa staining and the results showed the typical ring-shaped and lobe-shaped nuclei of neutrophils (Figure 2A)25. This indicates an effective on-chip neutrophil isolation at high purity from a small volume of whole blood. Furthermore, the docking structure can effectively align cells next to the gradient channel before applying the chemical gradient (Figure 2B)25.
Gradient generation is based on the continuous laminar flow chemical mixing, and the flows are driven by the pressure difference from the different levels of the inlet and outlet solutions. No external pumps are required. The chemical gradient is established within a few minutes in the microfluidic device, which is characterized by the fluorescence intensity profile of FITC-Dextran across the gradient channel. The gradient is stable for at least 1 h, which is enough time for the current neutrophil chemotaxis experiment (Figure 1C).
To demonstrate the use of the all-on-chip method for cell migration research, the neutrophil chemotaxis in medium alone or in a fMLP gradient were compared. The test results showed that few cells crawled through the barrier channel in the medium control experiment. By contrast, many neutrophils rapidly moved through the barrier channel and migrated toward the 100 nM fMLP gradient (Figure 2B)25. The cell migration test is quantitatively measured by the migration distance, which is significantly higher for the fMLP gradient than the medium control (Figure 2C)25.
Furthermore, the all-on-chip method was demonstrated for potential clinical applications by comparing the neutrophil migration in medium alone to a gradient of sputum sample from COPD patients. The results showed a strong cell migration to the COPD sputum gradient, which is quantitatively indicated by the significantly higher migration distance compared to the medium control (Figure 2B–C)25.
Figure 1: Illustration of the all-on-chip method for neutrophil chemotaxis analysis. (A) Illustration of the microfluidic device. The device includes two layers. The first layer (4 µm high) defines the cell docking barrier channel to trap the cells beside the gradient channel. The second layer (60 µm high) defines the gradient generating channel, the port and channel for cell loading, the chemical inlet reservoirs and the waste outlet. Alignment marks are designed for the two layers. For the second layer, the length and width of the upstream serpentine input channel is 60 mm and 200 µm, respectively; the length and width of the downstream serpentine input channel is 6 mm and 280 µm, respectively; (B) Illustration of the all-on-chip cell isolation method; (C) Illustration of the chemotaxis test. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: Representative results of the all-on-chip neutrophil chemotaxis analysis25. (A) Giemsa staining image (using a 60X objective) of the all-on-chip isolated cells in the microfluidic channel; (B) Comparison of the cell distribution in the medium control, a 100 nM fMLP gradient and a COPD sputum gradient; (C) The averaged cell migration distance in the gradient channel in the medium control, a fMLP gradient and a COPD sputum gradient. The error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (SEM). *indicates p <0.05 from the Student's t-test.The figures were adapted from reference25 with permission from World Scientific Publishing. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Device fabrication | |||
Mask aligner | ABM | N/A | |
Spinner | Solitec | 5000 | |
Hotplate | VWR | 11301-022 | |
Plasma cleaner | Harrick Plasma | PDC-001 | |
Vacuum dessicator | Fisher Scientific | 08-594-15A | |
Digital scale | Ohaus | CS200 | |
SU-8 2000 thinner | Microchem | SU-8 2000 | |
SU-8 2025 photoresist | Microchem | SU-8 2025 | |
SU-8 developer | Microchem | SU-8 developer | |
Si wafer | Silicon, Inc | LG2065 | |
isopropyl alcohol | Fisher Scientific | A416-4 | |
(tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl) trichlorosilane | Gelest | 78560-45-9 | |
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) |
Ellsworth Adhesives | 2065622 | |
Petri Dish | Fisher Scientific | FB0875714 | |
Glass slides | Fisher Scientific | 12-544-4 | |
Cutting pad | N/A | N/A | Custom-made |
Punchers | N/A | N/A | Custom-made |
Name | Source | Catalog Number | Comments |
On-chip cell isolation and chemotaxis assay | |||
RPMI 1640 | Fisher Scientific | SH3025502 | |
DPBS | Fisher Scientific | SH3002802 | |
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) |
Sigma-Aldrich | SH3057402 | |
Fibronectin | VWR | CACB356008 | |
fMLP | Sigma-Aldrich | F3506-10MG | |
Magnetic disks | Indigo Instruments | 44202-1 | 5 mm in diameter, 1 mm thick |
FITC-Dextran | Sigma-Aldrich | FD10S | |
Rhodamine | Sigma-Aldrich |
R4127-5G | |
Giemsa stain solution | Rowley Biochemical Inc. | G-472-1-8OZ | |
EasySep Direct Human Neutrophil Isolation Kit |
STEMCELL Technologies Inc |
19666 | |
Dithiothreitol | Sigma-Aldrich | D0632 | |
Nikon Ti-U inverted fluorescent microscope | Nikon | Ti-U | |
Microscope environmental chamber. | InVivo Scientific | N/A | |
CCD camera | Nikon | DS-Fi1 |
Neutrophil migration and chemotaxis are critical for our body’s immune system. Microfluidic devices are increasingly used for investigating neutrophil migration and chemotaxis owing to their advantages in real-time visualization, precise control of chemical concentration gradient generation, and reduced reagent and sample consumption. Recently, a growing effort has been made by the microfluidic researchers toward developing integrated and easily operated microfluidic chemotaxis analysis systems, directly from whole blood. In this direction, the first all-on-chip method was developed for integrating the magnetic negative purification of neutrophils and the chemotaxis assay from small blood volume samples. This new method permits a rapid sample-to-result neutrophil chemotaxis test in 25 min. In this paper, we provide detailed construction, operation and data analysis method for this all-on-chip chemotaxis assay with a discussion on troubleshooting strategies, limitations and future directions. Representative results of the neutrophil chemotaxis assay testing a defined chemoattractant, N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), and sputum from a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient, using this all-on-chip method are shown. This method is applicable to many cell migration-related investigations and clinical applications.
Neutrophil migration and chemotaxis are critical for our body’s immune system. Microfluidic devices are increasingly used for investigating neutrophil migration and chemotaxis owing to their advantages in real-time visualization, precise control of chemical concentration gradient generation, and reduced reagent and sample consumption. Recently, a growing effort has been made by the microfluidic researchers toward developing integrated and easily operated microfluidic chemotaxis analysis systems, directly from whole blood. In this direction, the first all-on-chip method was developed for integrating the magnetic negative purification of neutrophils and the chemotaxis assay from small blood volume samples. This new method permits a rapid sample-to-result neutrophil chemotaxis test in 25 min. In this paper, we provide detailed construction, operation and data analysis method for this all-on-chip chemotaxis assay with a discussion on troubleshooting strategies, limitations and future directions. Representative results of the neutrophil chemotaxis assay testing a defined chemoattractant, N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), and sputum from a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient, using this all-on-chip method are shown. This method is applicable to many cell migration-related investigations and clinical applications.
Neutrophil migration and chemotaxis are critical for our body’s immune system. Microfluidic devices are increasingly used for investigating neutrophil migration and chemotaxis owing to their advantages in real-time visualization, precise control of chemical concentration gradient generation, and reduced reagent and sample consumption. Recently, a growing effort has been made by the microfluidic researchers toward developing integrated and easily operated microfluidic chemotaxis analysis systems, directly from whole blood. In this direction, the first all-on-chip method was developed for integrating the magnetic negative purification of neutrophils and the chemotaxis assay from small blood volume samples. This new method permits a rapid sample-to-result neutrophil chemotaxis test in 25 min. In this paper, we provide detailed construction, operation and data analysis method for this all-on-chip chemotaxis assay with a discussion on troubleshooting strategies, limitations and future directions. Representative results of the neutrophil chemotaxis assay testing a defined chemoattractant, N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), and sputum from a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient, using this all-on-chip method are shown. This method is applicable to many cell migration-related investigations and clinical applications.