Chapter 21
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
![Reversible and Irreversible Processes](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13690.jpg)
The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state…
![Heat Engines](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13691.jpg)
A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a…
![Otto and Diesel Cycle](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14176.jpg)
An Otto engine is a four-stroke engine that uses a mixture of gasoline and air as the working fuel. The fuel is injected into the cylinder, and the…
![Refrigerators and Heat Pumps](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13692.jpg)
Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific…
![The Carnot Cycle](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13694.jpg)
Converting work to heat is an irreversible process, and the purpose of a heat engine is to reverse the effect partially. Heat engines aim to increase…
![Efficiency of The Carnot Cycle](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13695.jpg)
The hypothetical Carnot cycle consists of an ideal gas subjected to two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. Since the internal energy of an ideal…
![Entropy](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13697.jpg)
The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and…
![Entropy Change in Reversible Processes](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13698.jpg)
In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The…
![Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/55925_t.png)
To improve the performance of solar adsorption refrigeration, an experimental system with a solar concentration collector was set up and…
![Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/57746_t.png)
Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant)…
![Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/55455_t.png)
Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities
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In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice.…
![Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of Alkaline Earth-liquid Metal Alloys Using the Electromotive Force Technique](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/56718_t.png)
Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of Alkaline Earth-liquid Metal Alloys Using the Electromotive Force Technique
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A novel electrochemical cell based on a CaF2 solid-state electrolyte has been developed to measure the electromotive force (emf) of binary alkaline…