Chapter 23
The Heart
The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four…
The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs…
The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral…
The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are…
The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular…
The systemic and pulmonary circuits are crucial components of the circulatory system, working together to transport blood between the heart, lungs,…
The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary…
Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This…
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This…
The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by…
The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac…
Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat…
Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the…
Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It…
The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy…
The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac…
Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the…
The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood…
The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates…
Endoscopic mitral valve surgery (EMS) has become a standard of care at specialized heart centers, further reducing surgical trauma compared to a…
Focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) is a limited, clinician-performed application of echocardiography to add real-time information to patient care.…
Continuous Venous-Arterial Doppler Ultrasound During a Preload Challenge
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A preload challenge (PC) is a clinical maneuver that, first, increases the cardiac filling (i.e., preload) and, second, calculates the change in…
