Waiting
Login processing...

Trial ends in Request Full Access Tell Your Colleague About Jove
Click here for the English version

Medicine

角膜共聚焦显微镜:一种新型的非侵入性技术来量化小纤维病变周围神经病变

Published: January 3, 2011 doi: 10.3791/2194
* These authors contributed equally

Summary

角膜共焦显微镜是一种非侵入性的临床技术,可用于量化C纤维损伤与神经性的严重程度增加患者的诊断和分层。

Abstract

周围神经病变的准确定量是很重要的定义处于危险的患者,预期恶化,并评估新的治疗方法。常规方法评估神经功能缺损和电生理和定量感觉测试的量化功能的改变,检测神经病变。然而,最早的损害,出现细小纤维,但这些测试主要是评估大纤维功能障碍,表现出的再生和修复能力有限。只允许直接检查的​​无髓神经纤维的损伤和修复技术,电子显微镜和皮肤打孔活检腓肠神经活检。然而,无论是侵入性的程序和需要长时间的实验程序和相当的专业知识。角膜共焦显微镜是一种非侵入性的临床技术,它提供了角膜神经纤维在体内成像。我们已经证明了早期神经损伤,先于皮肤活检表皮内的神经纤维与神经性的严重程度和修复以下胰腺移植对糖尿病患者分层损失。我们也证明了在特发性小纤维神经病变和法布里病的神经损害。

Protocol

简介:

周围神经病变的准确定量是很重要的定义处于危险的患者,预期恶化,并评估新的治疗方法。常规方法评估神经功能缺损和电生理和定量感觉测试的量化功能的改变,检测神经病变。然而,最早的损害,出现细小纤维,但这些测试主要是评估大纤维功能障碍,表现出的再生和修复能力有限。只允许直接检查的​​无髓神经纤维的损伤和修复技术,电子显微镜和皮肤打孔活检腓肠神经活检。然而,无论是侵入性的程序和需要长时间的实验程序和相当的专业知识。角膜共焦显微镜是一种非侵入性的临床技术,它提供了角膜神经纤维在体内成像。

HRT的III -罗斯托克角膜模块(RCM)

操作手册

1。相机的制备

在考试的最初步骤,使用HRT的物镜尖的准备。

  1. 首先,在激光扫描相机的客观管,设置12屈光度的折射,然后相机调整到最低位置。
  2. 套用一个大的同质性,泡沫自由,豌豆大小,镜头上的尖端,涉及的下降。
  3. 从无菌容器中取出一个TomoCap,它安装在镜头一角,凝胶,形成了一个半月板之间的物镜和第。尽可能在持有人可能推。小心不要触摸TomoCap前表面在安装过程中。
    图1
    图1。物镜尖(顶)申请viscotear凝胶(底部)应用TomoCap准备。
  4. 移动激光扫描相机尽量向后摄像机安装可能。
  5. TomoCap的内外表面都出现一个明亮的激光反射。应调整焦平面调整轮,直到光明的反映,是观察,表明该镜头集中在前面的第的。在重点位置显示显示深度值现在应该-150微米,150微米之间。
  6. 将深度设置重置为零。
    图2
    图2。焦平面调整。

2。准备病人

拍摄主体的眼睛是麻醉使用下降0.4%benoxinate盐酸,“活视康”人造眼泪水润滑眼睛的前面。
坐在舒适的主题是,与下巴的下巴上休息,并要求坚决按他们的额头对额头栏。

图3
图3准备病人

3。对齐相机

它使考试更容易,如果您指示病人与没有被检查眼外固定光修复。显微镜头小巧的尺寸意味着主体的对侧眼不遮挡,使使用距离目标。

图4
图4。角膜模块的物镜。

  1. CCD相机等,其光轴垂直的激光扫描摄像机的光轴的位置。相机应该对病人的右侧时,成像的右眼,反之亦然。
    在这个位置上,你应该看到TomoCap前表面的CCD相机实时图像的中心。
  2. 移动的激光扫描对病人的相机,直到病人的角膜在一个约5至10毫米的TomoCap距离是移动的激光扫描相机上/下和左/右使用摄像机安装上的黑色旋钮,直至在TomoCap是在患者的角膜的中心位置。在这个阶段,您可以检查红色激光灯是在角膜中心和微调,观察角膜,这是在CCD摄像机的图像中可见的激光束的反射。这种反思必须完全发生在角膜前极。
    图5
    图5。对准捕捉角膜中央图像角膜的前极的激光束。
  3. 让患者尽可能广泛的他/她的眼睛打开。慢慢地向前移动的激光扫描相机对病人直到TomoCap接触病人的角膜。如果它是必需正确的激光扫描摄像机的位置,然后移动相机远离病人第一,做了校正,然后将它再次接触角膜。
    图6
    图6。TomoCap和角膜之间的薄露桥的示范。
  4. 相机和角膜之间的最小的接触是不够的。在优化调整,薄露TomoCap和角膜之间的桥梁上的CCD相机实时图像是可见的。

如果按TomoCap或移动相机太接近角膜,然后你会看到一个通过CCD相机实时图像的外观扁平角膜在角膜上的压力。也得到了线的图像显示会出现的压力,因此并不适用于角膜的压力太大。一旦接触已经建立,不要移动headrestto避免角膜上TomoCap滑动的位置。

图7
图7(左)一个straie由于对角膜的TomoCap压力过大应用程序的外观;(右)与正常的外观没有多余的压力形象。

4。检查病人

视野已被选定后,被打开的HRT III激光相机和图像采集窗口出现在屏幕上。使用CCD图像TomoCap和对病人的角膜激光灯的位置。然后可以开始使用所选择的模式的考试。

图8
图8。查看监视器上的图像采集过程中的模式。

采集模式

在部分模式中,一个单一的形象收购和储存您每次按下脚踏开关。我们使用这种模式下,捕获图像从整个角膜层包括鲍曼的一层角膜中心。然后捕获足够数量的图像后,可以尝试其他模式,包括顺序和数量。

图9
图9显示不同的图像采集方式与选择。

与序列扫描,可以获取一个可调节的帧速率高达100张图像的序列。您可以选择之间的帧速率30帧和1帧每秒(fps)和基于这种模式,它可以让你获得为期3至100秒的影片。

在容积扫描模式下,相机会自动获得一个系列40个连续的焦平面图像。一个85微米的总深度,可以扫描“视野400微米”场镜和连续两个图像之间的焦距,将约2.1微米。

经过几次扫描镜头聚焦平面是可以改变的,相对的角膜上皮细胞层,将成为关注的焦点,然后按一下复位按钮深度值设置为0表面的角膜细胞层的深度来衡量的。

对于我们目前研究的目的,我们得到从不同深度的角膜中央的图像。因此,我们不走动角膜激光扫描相机的水平或垂直的,我们只是向前或向后移动,并捕获在同一角膜点鲍曼的层深处的图像。每幅图像之间的距离大约是1微米,因此,如果鲍曼的深度为10μm,我们将有10张。然而,归根结底,我们选择约2-3微米它们之间的距离的图像。

检查后完成收购窗口中按一下相机的电源按钮关闭相机。使病人意识到,他或她不应该擦他或她的眼睛,直到局部麻醉消失。作为一项预防措施,你不妨在考试后执行一个病人的角膜裂隙灯检查。

从相机中取出TomoCap,处理它,然后用棉花清洁显微镜镜头棉签蘸蒸馏水。

5。考试分析

A.选择帧

审查和分析现有的考试,选择合适的病人记录(S)必须在数据库窗口。图像浏览窗口,提供了一个现有的角膜检查概述选定的病人。在不同的日子进行的考试都存储在单独的访问选项卡。三种不同的扫描类型,代表三种不同的图标,在HRT三角膜访问“选项卡,喜的图像浏览窗口delberg眼科资源管理器。

调查角膜图像,单击相应的图像图标和“显示”功能打开下面的窗口:

图10
图10显示拍摄的图像后,检查所有。

图11
图11出口前眼与CCD相机视图显示正确对齐选定的图像显示。

要导出相应的图像作进一步的分析,点击工具栏上的“导出”,然后选择你要保存的图像文件夹。

我们获取和为每一个病人的角膜层捕获的图像,但这项研究的主要焦点是鲍曼的层和角膜神经,只有这一层的图像进行分析。我们选择从鲍曼的每个科目在不同深度的角膜层5-6帧。

图12
图12显示,从一个健康的主题所有角膜层。

在鲍曼的角膜中心层在不同深度的平均5-6帧是随机选取的定量测量和分析。

B.分析图像

鲍曼的角膜中央与HRT的第三层,从拍摄的图像进行分析,我们使用专门的软件称为“CCM的图像分析工具v 0.6”本集团内已开发的。

角膜神经的四个主要参数的测量,用这个软件:

  • 神经纤维密度(NFD),这是定义为主要神经/帧的数量。
  • 神经分支密度(NBD)的主要分支/帧。
  • 神经纤维长度(NFL),这是所有神经/帧的总长度。
  • 神经纤维迂曲(NFT)的主要神经/帧。

要打开CCM的形象,去文件>打开。

  • 一旦加载图像,其大小和类型显示在控制面板的左上角手端的图像信息框。
  • 默认的规模是显示在编辑行的图像信息。如果规模是不同的,修改在编辑行的数量。
  • 要开始分析的图像,选择你想测量从在控制面板的右上角方公制中的参数。
  • 在结果框在页面的NFD的底部,NBD的实际数量,NFL作为一个曲折系数(TC)毫米和迂曲。
  • 然而,之后的结果导出到Excel工作表,结果将没有/ NFD的NBD和毫米/ 毫米 2为NFL 2毫米。
  • 为此,整理后的测量点击添加测量,然后转到文件>另存为,然后用Excel打开保存的结果。

图13
图13。角膜神经图像显示与跟踪分析工具使用“CCM图像分析工具”。

6。代表性的成果:

我们已经证明了一个渐进的角膜神经变性日益增加1和糖尿病神经病变在糖尿病早期神经损伤,先在皮肤活检表皮内神经纤维的损失 2 以下 3胰腺移植对糖尿病患者神经性的严重程度和修复分层的严重性。我们也证明了神经损伤特发性小纤维神经病4 Fabry病5。

图14
图14。HRT的角膜鲍曼的第三层(一)控制主体(b)与神经病变和严重的神经损伤患者相比角膜共聚焦显微镜图像。

Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.

Discussion

角膜共聚焦显微镜(CCM)是一种无创的临床技术,可用于检测早期神经损伤小纤维病变和周围神经病变,包括糖尿病,Fabry病和特发性小纤维神经病(ISFN)量化。眼前的这个技术的临床影响,在我们的能力诊断,后续的进展和评估糖尿病的神经病变和其他周围神经病变患者的治疗反应和患者的治疗效果将有一个直接的影响方面的一个巨大的飞跃。

Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.

Disclosures

图4 - 6:海德堡工程礼貌

Acknowledgments

这项工作是支持青少年糖尿病研究基金会国际(批17-2008-1031)和美国国立卫生研究院(授予1R01DK077903 - 01A1)。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
HRT III CCM Machine - The Rostock Cornea Module Heidelberg Engineering
CCM image analysis software v0.6 University of Manchester

DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

References

  1. Abbott, C. A., Kallinikos, P., Marshall, A., Finnigan, J., Morgan, P., Efron, N., Boulton, A. J. M., Malik, R. A. Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Test to Diagnose and Assess Progression of Human Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 33, 1792-1797 (2010).
  2. Quattrini, C., Tavakoli, M., Jeziorska, M., Kallinikos, P., Tesfaye, S., Marshall, A., Finnigan, J., Boulton, A. J. M., Efron, N., Malik, R. A. Surrogate Markers of Small Fiber Damage in Human Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes. 56, 2148-2154 (2007).
  3. Mehra, S., Tavakoli, M., Efron, N., Boulton, A. J. M., Augustine, T., Malik, R. A. Corneal Confocal Microscopy Detects Early Nerve Regeneration After Pancreas Transplantation in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 30, 2608-2612 (2007).
  4. Tavakoli, M., Marshall, A., Pitceathly, R., Fadavi, H., Gow, D., Roberts, M. E., Efron, N., Boulton, A. J. M., Malik, R. A. Corneal confocal microscopy: A novel means to detect nerve fibre damage in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and idiopathic small fibre neuropathy. Experimental Neurology. 223, 245-250 (2010).
  5. Tavakoli, M., Marshall, A., Thompson, L., Kenny, M., Waldek, S., Efron, N., Malik, R. A. Corneal confocal microscopy: A novel technique to detect small-fibre neuropathy in patients with Fabry disease. Muscle & Nerve. 40, 976-984 (2009).

Tags

医药,第47期,角膜共聚焦显微镜,角膜神经,周围神经病变,糖尿病神经病变
角膜共聚焦显微镜:一种新型的非侵入性技术来量化小纤维病变周围神经病变
Play Video
PDF DOI DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

Cite this Article

Tavakoli, M., Malik, R. A. CornealMore

Tavakoli, M., Malik, R. A. Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies. J. Vis. Exp. (47), e2194, doi:10.3791/2194 (2011).

Less
Copy Citation Download Citation Reprints and Permissions
View Video

PLAYLIST

  • Research • Medicine
    Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation
  • Research • Medicine
    Digital Handwriting Analysis of Characters in Chinese Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
  • Research • Medicine
    Segmentation and Linear Measurement for Body Composition Analysis using Slice-O-Matic and Horos
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound for Painful Bone Metastases
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Viable Adipocytes and Stromal Vascular Fraction from Human Visceral Adipose Tissue Suitable for RNA Analysis and Macrophage Phenotyping
  • Research • Medicine
    Obtaining Quality Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Images of Skeletal Muscle to Measure Muscle Fascicle Length
  • Research • Medicine
    Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia
  • Research • Medicine
    Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor
  • Research • Medicine
    Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
  • Research • Medicine
    Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit
  • Research • Medicine
    Validated LC-MS/MS Panel for Quantifying 11 Drug-Resistant TB Medications in Small Hair Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
  • Research • Biology
    A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth
  • Research • Medicine
    Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Whole Body Dosimetry Protocol for Peptide-Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): 2D Planar Image and Hybrid 2D+3D SPECT/CT Image Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
  • Research • Medicine
    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
  • Get cutting-edge science videos from JoVE sent straight to your inbox every month.

    Waiting X
    Simple Hit Counter